Blood and Lymph Flashcards
5 major roles of blood
Transportation of essential nutrients and oxygen
2.) Regulation of pH
3.) Fluid loss restriction (injury site)
4.) Defense (against toxins and pathogens)
5.) Regulating Body temperature (blood is 90% water - high heat capacity).
Blood Characteristics
-Temperature = 100.4 degrees
-5x as viscous as water
-Men have more blood than women (7% of body weight in Kg)
-When centrifuged blood can be separated out into its various constituents. The main component are WBC, Plasma and RBC’s. The plasma has the water components in it (RBC fraction does too).
Plasma
What is separated out from the RBC/WBC (constitutes 55% of blood). It also has coagulation factors and all of its proteins (Liver synthesizes)
Albumin
Most abundant, involved with - Osmolarity, pH, transport fat soluble compounds (like hormones and lipids)
Globulin
2nd abundant, involved with - Steroid binding proteins, apolipoproteins, metal ions, antibodies
Fibrinogen
(not in serum) - Clotting proteins
Formed elements
Synthesized within liver: the constituents of blood: WBC, RBC, and platelets. This fraction of the blood is called hematocrit.
a. Hematocrit (formed elements)
b. RBC account for 99% of formed elements
c.) RBCs make 1/3rd of all cells in body
d. Hematocrit is when blood goes into centrifuge
RBCs are also known as
erythrocytes
Characteristics of RBCs
RBCs are bi-concave shape;
-Increases surface area (2000x of body)
-Allows for it to more easily fold, they do not have nuclei or mitochondria
-Can form stacks for smooth blood flow through narrow vessels Rouleaux
RBCs have
Hemoglobin;
A protein consisting of 4 globular (quaternary) protein subunits, 2 alpha, and 2 Beta - (Contain 270 million hemoglobin units per RBC).
Oxyhemoglobin
Bound to O2
De-oxyhemoglobin
without O2
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Odorless, tasteless compound: linear sigma, bond to iron VS. 120 degree angle for O2 pi bond. Tighter bond.
Sickle cell -
Beta chain subunits are mangled up and can attach to each other distorting the RBC bi-concave shape (not all RBCs express it and fetal cells are resistant to it).
-Recessive trait - heterozygous may be protective in malaria
-Hydroxyurea, butyrate and hyperbaric oxygen can help by increasing fetal RBCs
-Fetal Hb lacks beta chain: Does not display sickle cell
Erythropoiesis
The formation of new RBCs in adults
What does Erythropoiesis needs?
-Needs nutrients - B12, B6, Folate (B9), Iron Occurs only in Red-bone marrow and myeloid tissues
Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
first stem cells of formed elements in red marrow
Turns into active cells - myeloid cells and lymphoid cells (differentiation into RBCs or WBCs) and lymphocytes.
Stage 1——-Day 1 of the RBC maturation
Pro-erythroblast
Stage2 ——Day 2 of RBC maturation
“Erythroblasts” (d2 basophilic)
Stage 3 ——Day 3 of RBC maturation
polychromatophilic
Stage 4 ——Day 4 of RBC maturation
Normoblastic: ejection of nuclei
Stage 5 & 6 ———Day 5-7 of RBC maturation
Reticulocyte and
Final. RBCs
What is an effect of Erythropoietin EPO (hormone)?
directly stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow to stimulate cell division/ maturation
EPO is a …?
glycoprotein from kidneys with extracellular receptor
Erythropoiesis requires … ?
amino acids, Fe2+, B12, B6, and B9
Stimulus for release: anemia, low blood flow to kidneys, low lung O2, respiratory surface damage to lungs
Erythropoiesis
RBC tests can
measure size, number and shape to determine what is missing
RBC Recycling
When RBC’s die, age, or undergoes hemolysis or ruptured RBCs recycled via the spleen/liver (phagocytic type monocytes in liver Kupffer cells)
Alpha/beta chains of Hb eliminated via kidney
RCB Recycling
hemoglobinuria
RBC breakdown found in urine
hematuria
Whole RBC (kidney damage) in urine
Heme stripped of its iron turns into
biliverdin (green)
Biliverdin turns into_____(yellow/orange)- goes to liver to be processes and comes out the Gall bladder into the gut out the stool (give it its color)
Bilirubin
Jaundice
inability to process heme/bilirubin (yellowish pigment) Sun lyses the bonds helps “digest” bilirubin for processing - likely a glucuronidation issue in the liver due to the RBC die off from the switch to using lungs VS chord O2
Our body can store and recycle the iron and it does so with the two metallo-proteins known as
ferritin/hemosiderin.
Ferritin
Intracellular iron storage protein (universal)
Hemosiderin
Iron storage in the spleen from the breakdown of RBCs/Heme.
Transferrin
Blood protein transporter
Every RBC has a surface________
antigen
Four major antigens
- A, B ,O , AB
Rh-factor
Another major portion is the + or - called “rhesus factor”
agglutinogens
Immune system ignores own antigens
agglutinins or Antibodies
antibodies made against antigens
Type O
Has both antibodies to A/B
Type A
Has antibodies to B
Type B
Has antibodies to A
Type AB
Has no antibodies
agglutination (clumping)
When antigens react with antibodies
Cross-reaction (transfusion reaction) occurs when …?
antigen-antibody complexes form and hemolyze RBCs
Universal donors
(O-)
Universal receivers
AB
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
-immune reaction during second pregnancy in the newborn
-Occurs only in Rh- women with Rh+ babies
-Occurs only if mother is exposed to baby’s blood (only occurs during abortions, amniocentesis, hemorrhage due to trauma (ie. car accident)
If both parents are Rh- there is NO risk
Platelets
Called Thrombocytes - aid in blood clotting
What is one function of platelets ?
Release enzymes and chemicals for activating clotting
What is another function of platelets ?
Temporary patch job in damaged blood vessels
What is a function of platelets ?
Reduce size of break (shrink after clot)
Thrombocytopoiesis
platelet synthesis (Red bone marrow)
Megakaryocytes
large cells in the marrow
Process of blood clotting
(hemostasis)
Feedback Control
Plasma contains anticoagulants
Heparin
(from mast/basophils) activates antithrombin-III prevents clotting
Thrombomodulin
Combines with thrombin to activate Protein C inactivates clotting factors
Prostacyclin
All pathways need what ???
Vitamin K and Ca2+
fibrinolysis
In the repair processes clot dissolves
Leukopoiesis
WBC production
Myeloid (three types) make all formed elements;
i.) Turn into RBC
ii.) Turn into Platelets
iii.) Turn into WBCs Basophiles, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
- Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils mature in Red bone marrow
- Monocytes mature in blood/tissue
Lymphoid- lymphocytopoiesis— mature in thymus (T-cells), spleen and lymph nodes
Role of WBCs is to remove pathogens, wastes, toxins, damaged cells.
-Circulating WBCs are in minute amounts (mostly in tissues)
neutrophil
Most common type of WBC
Lymphoid
Respond to signals of damage or infection:
a.) Migrate out of blood into tissues margination (adherence) diapedesis (migration out/into tissue)
b.) Amoeboid movement
c.) Chemotaxis - Attracted to specific chemical stimuli guiding immune cells into correct area
Granulocytes (granular leukocyte)
are specialized leukocytes (WBCs) that release granules which release chemicals that destroy pathogens or activate a systemic response. secretory vesicles and lysozymes
Three granulocytes
Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil
Agranulocyte (agranular leukocyte)
Contains lysozymes but too tiny to see in microscope
Two agranulocyte -
monocyte, lymphocyte
Multi-CSF
Increase granulocytes, monocytes, platelets and RBCs
GM-CSF
Increase granulocytes/monocytes
G-CSF
Increase Granulocytes
M-CSF
Increase monocytes
50-70% circulating WBC neutrophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocytes can be broken down into T and B cells.
Neutrophil
2-5 Nuclei lobes (beans strung together)
Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte
Neutrophil
Highly mobile - first to arrive
Neutrophil
Phagocytic type - attack via recognition from antibodies or complement proteins
Neutrophil
Includes “respiratory burst” ROS bombs (peroxide and superoxide)
Neutrophil
Degranulation releases content to further kill and digest cell or organism
Neutrophil
Releases prostaglandins and leukotrienes that signal the rest of immunity
Neutrophil
Only survive 10 hours in circulation
Neutrophil
Stain darkly with “eosin”
Eosinophils
2-4% of circulating WBCs
Eosinophils
Engulf antibody-marked bacteria, protozoan, cellular debris
Eosinophils
Primary mode of attack is exocytosis of cytotoxic NO/ enzymes
Eosinophils
Works well against parasites
Eosinophils
Involved with allergies
Eosinophils
Smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils and stain darker than both
Basophils
Less than 1% of circulating WBCs
Basophils
Migrate to site of injury
Basophils
Release granules into interstitial fluid heparin and histamine
Basophils
Eosinophil attractants
Basophils
Usually the largest (especially in a stain)
Monocytes
One large kidney bean shaped nucleus
Monocytes
2-8% of circulating WBCs
Monocytes
Lasts only 24 hours before migrating into tissue macrophage
Monocytes
Release attractant contents Neutrophils, monocytes, fibroblasts
Monocytes
Stain/smear, large circular single nuclei
Lymphocytes
20-40% circulating WBCs
Lymphocytes
Three types
T-cells - cell mediated immunity
B-cells - humoral immunity (produces antibodies)
Natural killer cells - immune surveillance detection and eradication
Lymphocytes
Differential Count - Blood test for WBCs
Lymphocytes
Leukocytosis
high WBCs (leukemia)
Leukopenia
low WBCs
Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cell that defend against infection, toxins and is important for cellular repair.
Primary function of the lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Are the “green” (are they?) vessels that carry lymph fluid around (which enters from interstitial fluid)
Lymphatic Organs
- Red bone marrow, 2. Thymus
Lymphatic tissue
- Tonsils, 2. MALT, 3. Lymph nodes, 4. Spleen
Collecting Lymph
Superficial (under skin, mucous membranes) and b. Deep lymphatics (large, deep arteries/veins for muscles head/neck limbs, and trunk)
Lymphatic Capillaries
Branches of lymphatic vessels through tissues which end (non-continuous)
Collecting Lymphs
Collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries
Superficial Lymphatics
Areolar tissues of serous membranes in heart, abdomen, mucous membranes, and skin.
Deep Lymphatics
accompany deep arteries and veins of muscle, limbs, neck, visceral organs
Thoracic Duct
Collects from tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above diaphragm empties into L-subclavian vein
Cisterna Chyli
sac-like chamber connected to the thoracic duct that receives the flow from the inferior portion of the lymph first
Right Lymph Duct
Collects from the right side of body above the diaphragm empties into R-subclavian vein
MALT
mucosa associated lymph tissue
Blood Filtration (old dying RBCs)
Spleen function
Iron metabolism (recycling Iron from dead, damaged RBCs)
Spleen function
Prevention of infection (Rich macrophage white pulp and antigen production, opsonization for phagocytosis)
Spleen function
Red blood cell and platelet storage (hematopoiesis, 25-30% RBCs stored (aids in hemorrhage), 25% of Platelets stored)
Spleen function
Large amounts of macrophages throughout - white pulp has both lymphocytes/dendritic cells
Spleen function
Attacks all without specificity; has general antimicrobial actions - it can react upon first exposure
Innate (non-specific)
Physical barriers
Mainly skin, mucosa
Chemical barriers
Stomach acid and defensins (anti-microbial peptides; Alpha-defensin) and secretory IgA (sIgA).
Cellular
Neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, interferon, and Complement
a type of “cytokine” various WBC’s release and are well known for anti-viral actions but can be used to generate a bolstered immune response
Interferon
remove damaged cells/destroy invading microorganism
Phagocytes
Neutrophils/eosinophils circulate blood but can enter tissue.
Microphages
from monocytes) engulfing or releasing toxins
Macrophages
