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A&p2 > Blood and Lymph > Flashcards

Blood and Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

5 major roles of blood

A

Transportation of essential nutrients and oxygen
2.) Regulation of pH
3.) Fluid loss restriction (injury site)
4.) Defense (against toxins and pathogens)
5.) Regulating Body temperature (blood is 90% water - high heat capacity).

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2
Q

Blood Characteristics

A

-Temperature = 100.4 degrees

-5x as viscous as water

-Men have more blood than women (7% of body weight in Kg)

-When centrifuged blood can be separated out into its various constituents. The main component are WBC, Plasma and RBC’s. The plasma has the water components in it (RBC fraction does too).

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3
Q

Plasma

A

What is separated out from the RBC/WBC (constitutes 55% of blood). It also has coagulation factors and all of its proteins (Liver synthesizes)

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4
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant, involved with - Osmolarity, pH, transport fat soluble compounds (like hormones and lipids)

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5
Q

Globulin

A

2nd abundant, involved with - Steroid binding proteins, apolipoproteins, metal ions, antibodies

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6
Q

Fibrinogen

A

(not in serum) - Clotting proteins

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7
Q

Formed elements

A

Synthesized within liver: the constituents of blood: WBC, RBC, and platelets. This fraction of the blood is called hematocrit.

a. Hematocrit (formed elements)
b. RBC account for 99% of formed elements

c.) RBCs make 1/3rd of all cells in body

d. Hematocrit is when blood goes into centrifuge

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8
Q

RBCs are also known as

A

erythrocytes

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9
Q

Characteristics of RBCs

A

RBCs are bi-concave shape;
-Increases surface area (2000x of body)

-Allows for it to more easily fold, they do not have nuclei or mitochondria

-Can form stacks for smooth blood flow through narrow vessels  Rouleaux

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10
Q

RBCs have

A

Hemoglobin;

A protein consisting of 4 globular (quaternary) protein subunits, 2 alpha, and 2 Beta - (Contain 270 million hemoglobin units per RBC).

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11
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Bound to O2

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12
Q

De-oxyhemoglobin

A

without O2

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13
Q

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

A

Odorless, tasteless compound: linear sigma, bond to iron VS. 120 degree angle for O2 pi bond. Tighter bond.

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14
Q

Sickle cell -

A

Beta chain subunits are mangled up and can attach to each other distorting the RBC bi-concave shape (not all RBCs express it and fetal cells are resistant to it).

-Recessive trait - heterozygous may be protective in malaria

-Hydroxyurea, butyrate and hyperbaric oxygen can help by increasing fetal RBCs

-Fetal Hb lacks beta chain: Does not display sickle cell

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15
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

The formation of new RBCs in adults

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16
Q

What does Erythropoiesis needs?

A

-Needs nutrients - B12, B6, Folate (B9), Iron Occurs only in Red-bone marrow and myeloid tissues

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17
Q

Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)

A

first stem cells of formed elements in red marrow

Turns into active cells - myeloid cells and lymphoid cells (differentiation into RBCs or WBCs) and lymphocytes.

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18
Q

Stage 1——-Day 1 of the RBC maturation

A

Pro-erythroblast

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19
Q

Stage2 ——Day 2 of RBC maturation

A

“Erythroblasts” (d2 basophilic)

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20
Q

Stage 3 ——Day 3 of RBC maturation

A

polychromatophilic

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21
Q

Stage 4 ——Day 4 of RBC maturation

A

Normoblastic: ejection of nuclei

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22
Q

Stage 5 & 6 ———Day 5-7 of RBC maturation

A

Reticulocyte and

Final. RBCs

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23
Q

What is an effect of Erythropoietin EPO (hormone)?

A

directly stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow to stimulate cell division/ maturation

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24
Q

EPO is a …?

A

glycoprotein from kidneys with extracellular receptor

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25
Q

Erythropoiesis requires … ?

A

amino acids, Fe2+, B12, B6, and B9

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26
Q

Stimulus for release: anemia, low blood flow to kidneys, low lung O2, respiratory surface damage to lungs

A

Erythropoiesis

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27
Q

RBC tests can

A

measure size, number and shape to determine what is missing

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28
Q

RBC Recycling

A

When RBC’s die, age, or undergoes hemolysis or ruptured RBCs  recycled via the spleen/liver (phagocytic type monocytes in liver Kupffer cells)

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29
Q

Alpha/beta chains of Hb eliminated via kidney

A

RCB Recycling

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30
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

RBC breakdown found in urine

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31
Q

hematuria

A

Whole RBC (kidney damage) in urine

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32
Q

Heme stripped of its iron turns into

A

biliverdin (green)

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33
Q

Biliverdin turns into_____(yellow/orange)- goes to liver to be processes and comes out the Gall bladder into the gut out the stool (give it its color)

A

Bilirubin

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34
Q

Jaundice

A

inability to process heme/bilirubin (yellowish pigment) Sun lyses the bonds helps “digest” bilirubin for processing - likely a glucuronidation issue in the liver due to the RBC die off from the switch to using lungs VS chord O2

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35
Q

Our body can store and recycle the iron and it does so with the two metallo-proteins known as

A

ferritin/hemosiderin.

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36
Q

Ferritin

A

Intracellular iron storage protein (universal)

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37
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Iron storage in the spleen from the breakdown of RBCs/Heme.

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38
Q

Transferrin

A

Blood protein transporter

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39
Q

Every RBC has a surface________

A

antigen

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40
Q

Four major antigens

A
  • A, B ,O , AB
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41
Q

Rh-factor

A

Another major portion is the + or - called “rhesus factor”

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42
Q

agglutinogens

A

Immune system ignores own antigens

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43
Q

agglutinins or Antibodies

A

antibodies made against antigens

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44
Q

Type O

A

Has both antibodies to A/B

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45
Q

Type A

A

Has antibodies to B

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46
Q

Type B

A

Has antibodies to A

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47
Q

Type AB

A

Has no antibodies

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48
Q

agglutination (clumping)

A

When antigens react with antibodies

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49
Q

Cross-reaction (transfusion reaction) occurs when …?

A

antigen-antibody complexes form and hemolyze RBCs

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50
Q

Universal donors

A

(O-)

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51
Q

Universal receivers

A

AB

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52
Q

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A

-immune reaction during second pregnancy in the newborn

-Occurs only in Rh- women with Rh+ babies

-Occurs only if mother is exposed to baby’s blood (only occurs during abortions, amniocentesis, hemorrhage due to trauma (ie. car accident)

If both parents are Rh- there is NO risk

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53
Q

Platelets

A

Called Thrombocytes - aid in blood clotting

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54
Q

What is one function of platelets ?

A

Release enzymes and chemicals for activating clotting

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55
Q

What is another function of platelets ?

A

Temporary patch job in damaged blood vessels

56
Q

What is a function of platelets ?

A

Reduce size of break (shrink after clot)

57
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis

A

platelet synthesis (Red bone marrow)

58
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

large cells in the marrow

59
Q

Process of blood clotting

A

(hemostasis)

60
Q

Feedback Control

A

Plasma contains anticoagulants

61
Q

Heparin

A

(from mast/basophils) activates antithrombin-III prevents clotting

62
Q

Thrombomodulin

A

Combines with thrombin to activate Protein C  inactivates clotting factors

63
Q

Prostacyclin

A
64
Q

All pathways need what ???

A

Vitamin K and Ca2+

65
Q

fibrinolysis

A

In the repair processes clot dissolves

66
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

WBC production

67
Q

Myeloid (three types) make all formed elements;

A

i.) Turn into RBC

ii.) Turn into Platelets

iii.) Turn into WBCs  Basophiles, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

  • Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils  mature in Red bone marrow
  • Monocytes  mature in blood/tissue
68
Q

Lymphoid- lymphocytopoiesis— mature in thymus (T-cells), spleen and lymph nodes

A

Role of WBCs is to remove pathogens, wastes, toxins, damaged cells.

-Circulating WBCs are in minute amounts (mostly in tissues)

69
Q

neutrophil

A

Most common type of WBC

70
Q

Lymphoid

A

Respond to signals of damage or infection:

a.) Migrate out of blood into tissues  margination (adherence) diapedesis (migration out/into tissue)

b.) Amoeboid movement

c.) Chemotaxis - Attracted to specific chemical stimuli guiding immune cells into correct area

71
Q

Granulocytes (granular leukocyte)

A

are specialized leukocytes (WBCs) that release granules which release chemicals that destroy pathogens or activate a systemic response.  secretory vesicles and lysozymes

72
Q

Three granulocytes

A

Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil

73
Q

Agranulocyte (agranular leukocyte)

A

Contains lysozymes but too tiny to see in microscope

74
Q

Two agranulocyte -

A

monocyte, lymphocyte

75
Q

Multi-CSF

A

Increase granulocytes, monocytes, platelets and RBCs

76
Q

GM-CSF

A

Increase granulocytes/monocytes

77
Q

G-CSF

A

Increase Granulocytes

78
Q

M-CSF

A

Increase monocytes

79
Q

50-70% circulating WBC neutrophil

A

Neutrophil

80
Q

Lymphocytes can be broken down into T and B cells.

A

Neutrophil

81
Q

2-5 Nuclei lobes (beans strung together)

A

Neutrophil

82
Q

Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte

A

Neutrophil

83
Q

Highly mobile - first to arrive

A

Neutrophil

84
Q

Phagocytic type - attack via recognition from antibodies or complement proteins

A

Neutrophil

85
Q

Includes “respiratory burst”  ROS bombs (peroxide and superoxide)

A

Neutrophil

86
Q

Degranulation releases content to further kill and digest cell or organism

A

Neutrophil

87
Q

Releases prostaglandins and leukotrienes that signal the rest of immunity

A

Neutrophil

88
Q

Only survive 10 hours in circulation

A

Neutrophil

89
Q

Stain darkly with “eosin”

A

Eosinophils

90
Q

2-4% of circulating WBCs

A

Eosinophils

91
Q

Engulf antibody-marked bacteria, protozoan, cellular debris

A

Eosinophils

92
Q

Primary mode of attack is exocytosis of cytotoxic NO/ enzymes

A

Eosinophils

93
Q

Works well against parasites

A

Eosinophils

94
Q

Involved with allergies

A

Eosinophils

95
Q

Smaller than neutrophils and eosinophils and stain darker than both

A

Basophils

96
Q

Less than 1% of circulating WBCs

A

Basophils

97
Q

Migrate to site of injury

A

Basophils

98
Q

Release granules into interstitial fluid  heparin and histamine

A

Basophils

99
Q

Eosinophil attractants

A

Basophils

100
Q

Usually the largest (especially in a stain)

A

Monocytes

101
Q

One large kidney bean shaped nucleus

A

Monocytes

102
Q

2-8% of circulating WBCs

A

Monocytes

103
Q

Lasts only 24 hours before migrating into tissue  macrophage

A

Monocytes

104
Q

Release attractant contents  Neutrophils, monocytes, fibroblasts

A

Monocytes

105
Q

Stain/smear, large circular single nuclei

A

Lymphocytes

106
Q

20-40% circulating WBCs

A

Lymphocytes

107
Q

Three types

T-cells - cell mediated immunity

B-cells - humoral immunity (produces antibodies)

Natural killer cells - immune surveillance  detection and eradication

A

Lymphocytes

108
Q

Differential Count - Blood test for WBCs

A

Lymphocytes

109
Q

Leukocytosis

A

high WBCs (leukemia)

110
Q

Leukopenia

A

low WBCs

111
Q

Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes and other lymphoid cell that defend against infection, toxins and is important for cellular repair.

A

Primary function of the lymph

112
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Are the “green” (are they?) vessels that carry lymph fluid around (which enters from interstitial fluid)

113
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A
  1. Red bone marrow, 2. Thymus
114
Q

Lymphatic tissue

A
  1. Tonsils, 2. MALT, 3. Lymph nodes, 4. Spleen
115
Q

Collecting Lymph

A

Superficial (under skin, mucous membranes) and b. Deep lymphatics (large, deep arteries/veins for muscles head/neck limbs, and trunk)

116
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

Branches of lymphatic vessels through tissues which end (non-continuous)

117
Q

Collecting Lymphs

A

Collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries

118
Q

Superficial Lymphatics

A

Areolar tissues of serous membranes in heart, abdomen, mucous membranes, and skin.

119
Q

Deep Lymphatics

A

accompany deep arteries and veins of muscle, limbs, neck, visceral organs

120
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

Collects from tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above diaphragm  empties into L-subclavian vein

121
Q

Cisterna Chyli

A

sac-like chamber connected to the thoracic duct that receives the flow from the inferior portion of the lymph first

122
Q

Right Lymph Duct

A

Collects from the right side of body above the diaphragm  empties into R-subclavian vein

123
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymph tissue

124
Q

Blood Filtration (old dying RBCs)

A

Spleen function

125
Q

Iron metabolism (recycling Iron from dead, damaged RBCs)

A

Spleen function

126
Q

Prevention of infection (Rich macrophage white pulp and antigen production, opsonization for phagocytosis)

A

Spleen function

127
Q

Red blood cell and platelet storage (hematopoiesis, 25-30% RBCs stored (aids in hemorrhage), 25% of Platelets stored)

A

Spleen function

128
Q

Large amounts of macrophages throughout - white pulp has both lymphocytes/dendritic cells

A

Spleen function

129
Q

Attacks all without specificity; has general antimicrobial actions - it can react upon first exposure

A

Innate (non-specific)

130
Q

Physical barriers

A

Mainly skin, mucosa

131
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Stomach acid and defensins (anti-microbial peptides; Alpha-defensin) and secretory IgA (sIgA).

132
Q

Cellular

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, interferon, and Complement

133
Q

a type of “cytokine” various WBC’s release and are well known for anti-viral actions but can be used to generate a bolstered immune response

A

Interferon

134
Q

remove damaged cells/destroy invading microorganism

A

Phagocytes

135
Q

Neutrophils/eosinophils circulate blood but can enter tissue.

A

Microphages

136
Q

from monocytes) engulfing or releasing toxins

A

Macrophages

A&p2 (7 decks)

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