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A&p2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of ?

A

heart, blood and blood vessels

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2
Q

How many times des the heart beats?

A

100k times per day

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3
Q

How many times does the heart beat per lifetime?

A

2.9 Billion

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4
Q

How many circuits is the heart lined with the CV system ?

A

2 Main circuits

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5
Q

Carries blood to and from the lungs to the heart

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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6
Q

Transports blood to and through the body (heart to tissues and back to the heart

A

Systemic circuit

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7
Q

Arteries carry blood ?

A

Away from heart and towards tissues

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8
Q

Veins to heart

A

Away from tissue

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9
Q

Great Vessels

A

Largest veins and arteries

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10
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest

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11
Q

How many chambers does the heart has? (cut half of the coronal plane)

A

4 chambers

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12
Q

Left atrium and Left ventricles

A

L- atrium collects blood from pulmonary circuit dumps into L- ventricle

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13
Q

R- atrium collects blood from __ and dumps into ___

A

systemic circuit; R- ventricle

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14
Q

What contracts first in the heart then what ?

A

The atria’s contract first, then ventricles.

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15
Q

What’s the outer muscle of the heart?

A

Epicardium ( Visceral pericardium)

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16
Q

What’s the middle muscle of the heart?

A

Myocardium - spiral bundles of muscles

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17
Q

What’s the inner muscle of the heart?

A

Endocardium ( simple squamous cells)

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18
Q

Outer _____ pericardium prevents overfilling. helps to protect

A

Fibrous

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18
Q

The heart is surrounded by ____ to protect it from friction ?

A

pericardial sac

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19
Q

Inner ____ pericardium

A

Serous
Outer parietal layer, inner visceral layer (epicardium)

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19
Q

Increases fluid in pericardial space when infected

A

Pericarditis

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19
Q

Deep groove on the border between atria/ventricles

A

Coronary Sulcus

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19
Q

Expandable extension of the atrium “ Ear-like”

A

Auricle

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19
Q

The posterior interventricular sulcus contains ?

A

Fat pads (stripped to see cardiac vessels)

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19
Q

The Anterior interventricular sulcus is the ???

A

Boundary between L and R ventricles

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19
Q

What type of tissue is the Myocardium?

A

Connective tissue of the heart

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20
Q

Cells are wrapped in elastic sheath- adjacent cells crosslinked

A

-Provide physical support
-Distributes force of contractions
-Prevent overextension
-Provides recoil effect

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20
Q

Ventricles are separated by ?

A

Atrioventricular septum— Big muscle right in the middle

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21
Q

What separates the atriums?

A

Thinner Inter-atrial septum

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22
Q

What valve separates the atriums from their ventricle ??

A

Atrioventricular valve

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23
Q

what valve is in the Right atrium?

A

Tricuspid valve

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24
Q

This valve is in the Left atrium

A

Mitral (bi-cuspid valve)

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25
Q

There are one-way valves to help direct blood flow and prevent backflow and to ensure proper pressure and gradient flow

A
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26
Q

Located in between the aorta and L ventricle and pulmonary vein and R ventricle

A

Semilunar valves

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27
Q

What muscle is on the posterior right side of the atrium and interatrial septum?

A

Pectinate muscles

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28
Q

What muscle arises from the ridges to to anchor the chordae tendinea whose job is to pull on the tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve?

A

Papillary muscle

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29
Q

This section -muscle ridges- prevents overdistention, increased performance, prevents suction.

A

Trabeculae Carneae

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30
Q

What Atrium receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava

A

Right Atrium

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31
Q

From Head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

A

Superior vena cava

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32
Q

Trunk, viscera lower limbs

A

Inferior vena cava

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33
Q

____ connects L and R atriums in embryonic stages- closed at birth- left over depression called _____

A

Foramen Ovale; Fossa Ovalis

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34
Q

What atrium receives blood from L and R pulmonary veins?

A

Left Atrium

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35
Q

Why does blood move from atrium to ventricles ?

A

trabeculae carnae are more prominent

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36
Q

Ventricle muscle is much thicker on ???

A

Left than Right because contractile force is needed

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37
Q

This valve prevents backflow into the atrium from ventricles ?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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38
Q

Ventricle contraction causes papillary muscle contraction and the AV valves swing closed to prevent backflow- chordae tendinea tense- prevents AV valves from swinging up into atria

A

Regurgitation

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39
Q

This valves don’t need chords no contraction- 3 flaps support each other like a stool

A

Semilunar valves

40
Q

The right atrium receives blood from?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

41
Q

The left atrium receives blood from ??

A

The 2 pulmonary veins

42
Q

deliver blood to the heart itself and arise from the base of
the aorta

A

Coronary arteries

43
Q

BP is highest in

A

aorta and systemic circuit

44
Q

R and L coronary arteries originate at the R and L aortic sinuses to give
blood to

A

myocardium

45
Q

R - coronary artery follows coronary sulcus around the heart  supplies
blood to:

A

-R atrium
-Both ventricles
-Conducting system of heart

46
Q

L coronary artery supplies to

A
  • L - Ventricle
  • L - Atrium
  • Interventricular septum
47
Q

Branching off from the L- coronary artery is the

A

circumflex and LAD

48
Q

_______Connects L to R as to prevent de-oxygen if one
side gets damaged

A

Circumflex artery

49
Q

runs
along the surface of the interventricular surface

A

Left Anterior Descending Interventricular artery (LAD)

50
Q

Connections like circumflex are called?

A

Anastomoses

51
Q

begins on the anterior (front) portion the heart
following the interventricular sulcus; Drains blood from the LAD

A

Great Cardiac Vein

52
Q

drains the myocardium

A

Coronary Sinus

53
Q

What are the 2 Heart specialized cells

A

Autorhythmic (pacemaker) cells and Contractile (cardiac cells)

54
Q

Control and coordinate heartbeat – contain
their own electrical current (no true resting membrane) - sinoatrial node,
atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, L/R bundle branches and purkinje
fibers (in this order)

A

Autorhythmic (pacemaker) cells

55
Q

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node

A

Nodal Cells

56
Q

Originates in the Posterior wall of the R-
atrium.
- Generates “sinus rhythm” (60-80 beats per minute)
- Sends projections to L atrium  Bachmus bundle

A

Sino-Atrial node (SA)

57
Q

sends fiber to interventricular
septum and continues the transfer of the depolarization
-Takes 0.1 second delay to allow time for each atria to contract
- Less gap junctions
b.) Conducting cells additnally make up the atrioventricular bundle, L/R
bundle branches and purkinje fibers
i.) Connect the SA and AV nodes/ propagate signals to the contractile
tissue of the heart

A

Atrio-Ventricular node (AV)

58
Q

produce power propelling blood
a.) Action potential flows through the heart tissue causing contraction

A

Contractile (cardiac) cells

59
Q

Damage to conducting pathways result in ?

A

conducting deficits (reduce BPM)

60
Q

Abnormal conduction outside the SA and AV nodes is an

A

ectopic pacemaker
(disrupts timing)

61
Q

At threshold Na+ rushes in due to “fast”
Na+ channels

A

(Phase 0) Rapid Depolarization

62
Q

K+ leaks out of contractile cells causing a drop in voltage.
This activates Ca2+ channels.

A

(Phase 1) Plateau

63
Q

Ca2+ influx and K+ outflow continues giving the voltage
plateau phase.
b.) Together they 1. Delay repolarization and 2. Keeps membrane potential
at 0mV for extended period  long to aid in contraction
c.) Cells contract similar to muscle cells: action potential transferred via T-
tubules, activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, release of calcium, binds to
troponin and allow myosin and actin to cause a power stroke

A

(Phase 2)

64
Q

Ca2+ channels in the contractile cell now close;
due to reduced cation transportation from repolarization of nodal cells. More K+
channels now open and more K+ leaves the cell.

A

(Phase 3) Repolarization

65
Q

cells won’t respond to another impulse: 1.
Absolute refractory period (no stimulus can cause depolarization) and 2. Relative
refractory period (a strong signal can cause depolarization)
6.) To depolarize you need the three fundamental ions (similar to muscles) Na+,
K+, and Ca2+
7.) Heart needs to contract for longer - Ca2+ helps sustain/prolong the contraction.

A

(Phase 4) Refractory Period

66
Q

When the atria depolarize as a result of the SA node actions on the heart tissue
you get the

A

“P” wave

67
Q

When the ventricles (both of them) contract to push blood in their respective
systems you get the

A

“QRS” wave

68
Q

where the ventricles contract and atrial repolarization takes
place (but cannot see)

A

The “R” wave

69
Q

When the ventricles repolarize is when the you get the?

A

“T” wave

70
Q

Extend from the end of the wave to the beginning of the next

A

Segments

71
Q

Variable and include at least one wave

A

Intervals

72
Q

atrial depolarization to the start of QRS complex (extensions
more than 200msec indicate damage to AV or conducting pathways)

A

P-R interval

73
Q

an be lengthened by electrolyte,
medication, conducting problems

A

Q-T interval (single re/de-polarization)

74
Q

99% of the atrial and ventricle walls are made up of

A

cardiac/contractile cells

75
Q

contraction of chamber (atrium, ventricle)

A

Systole

76
Q

relaxation of chamber (Filling with blood occurs here)

A

Diastole

77
Q

BP rises in___ and decreases in ___ (high to low)

A

Systole; Diastole

78
Q

begins with topping off the ventricles contracting to push 30% of
remaining bloods into ventricles

A

Atrial systole

79
Q

no blood enters as pressure is higher than in veins

A

Atrial diastole

80
Q

ullest amount of blood in ventricles in cardiac
cycle (occurs after atrial systole and before ventricles contract)

A

End-Diastolic Volume

81
Q

is the contraction (without moving blood)
generating pressure and tension - not yet strong enough to push the blood out.

A

Isovolumetric contraction

82
Q

occurs next finally reaching threshold for pressure to eject
blood out into the aorta and pulmonary vein

A

Ventricle Systole

83
Q

Amount of blood left in the ventricles after
semilunar valves close (less than EDV)

A

End-Systolic Volume

84
Q

now occurs where all valves are closed and myocardium
relaxes regaining threshold from action potential

A

Ventricle Diastole

85
Q

ventricle pressure still greater than atrial
pressure - nothing flows into ventricles called

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

86
Q

Semilunar valves opening/ AV valves closing

A

Lubb

87
Q

Semilunar valves close/ AV valves open

A

Dubb

88
Q

The number of beats per minute and is affected by hormones
and/or CNS

A

Heart Rate

89
Q

Is the amount of blood pumped out the ventricle during each
contraction  SV = EDV - ESV

A

Stroke Volume

90
Q

Is the amount of blood which leaves the left ventricle in one
minute  CO (mL/minute) = HR (Beat/minute) x SV (mL/beat)

A

Cardiac Output

91
Q

is nerve network of the heart and is the connection point for
the SNS where NE is released.

A

Cardiac Plexus

92
Q

Cardiac centers in brain control rate

A

cardioinhibitory and
cardioacceleratory (nuclei in the medulla oblongata)

93
Q

Degree of stretching in ventricle muscle cells during ventricle
diastole  high EDV = high preload

A

Preload

94
Q

is amount of blood that returns/reaches atria  more means
increased heart rate

A

Venous return

95
Q

a.) Filling Time – decides preload and is the duration of ventricle diastole
(faster heart rate = shorter filling time)

A

Factors affecting EDV:

96
Q

Increased stretch beyond optimal length reduces
force of contraction
a.) Greater stretch = greater contraction = preload

A

Frank-Starling Principle

97
Q

atrial reflex) occurs when the heart rate increases in
response to a rise in atrial pressure. This is a compensatory mechanism since
increased right atrial pressures frequently result from elevated left heart pressures
from decreased cardiac output.

A

Bainbridge reflex

98
Q

Preload

A

factor affecting ESV

99
Q

b.) Ventricular contractility – Amount of force produced during a
contraction at a given preload  SNS, T4/3, Glucagon, Drugs, Ions,
Acidosis

A

One factor affecting ESV

100
Q

Afterload - Amount of tension that the contracting ventricle must
produce to force open the semilunar valve and eject blood (aka amount of
resistance that must be overcome)

A

factor affecting ESV

101
Q

High afterload

A

Low stroke volume

102
Q

Vasodilatation (_________afterload) and vasoconstriction
(__________ afterload, ex; aortic valve dysfunction, plaque,
HBP)

A

Decreases; increases

103
Q

SA node, SNS, PNS, T4/3, Body Temp, Ions, partial
pressure of CO2 and Oxygen, age, fitness

A

Factors affecting HR

104
Q

Maximal cardiac output - Resting cardiac output

A

Cardiac Reserve

105
Q

Trained athletes increase _____ by 700% (limit to increase)

A

cardiac output

106
Q

weakening of left
ventricle after a loss or extreme stress – ECGs and blood enzymes resemble heart
attacks!

A

Broken Heart Syndrome (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy)

107
Q

If the heart was merely a pump it would take roughly 1 million times the
strength to push the blood through the system  use

A

water hydrodynamics
to circulate

108
Q

When we evaluate heart’s muscle itself, we find it is wrapped in a helical way causes_____

A

toroidal field

109
Q

i.) Muscular milking (valves)
ii.) Respiratory pump (High to low)
iii.) Venomotor Constriction via SNS
c.) Myocardial Infarction – reduce preload

A

Factoring increasing venous return:

A&p2 (7 decks)

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