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A&p2 > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

-Broad, target many cells, coordinates whole body action
-Can’t control which cells respond
-Slow to begin = Long lasting

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2
Q

NS

A

-Precise control (Mov. Of pink finger)
-Can’t coordinate large areas of the body.
-Fast acting= short response

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3
Q

Endocrine

A

(Endo;within) - secret into the circulation/blood and act on target tissues.

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4
Q

Synaptic

A

Neuron to neuron or muscle

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5
Q

Hormones

A

Messenger compounds the body uses for normal physiology and homeostasis (Most hormones derived from AA or cholesterol)

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6
Q

What hormones compromise majority?

A

Amino acid hormones (Include peptide hormones)

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7
Q

Hormones made by cholesterol?

A

Sex steroid hormones= Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, cortisol, aldosterone

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8
Q

AA hormones

A

Thyroid, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

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9
Q

Glycoprotein/ Peptide hormones

A

Insulin, oxytocin, ADH, GH

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10
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Large class of lipid soluble inflammatory molecules: Leukotrienes, thromboxane, prostacyclins, lipoxins.

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11
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from ?

A

Dietary omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids

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12
Q

Hormones will affect one of the 3 actions?

A

Genes, protein synthesis and membrane permeability to all compounds ((ions))

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13
Q

Lipophilic hormones???

A

Eicosanoids, steroids, melatonin and thyroid.

Need binding protein to travel in the blood
-stay in the blood much longer due to blood protein

RECEPTOR IS INSIDE

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14
Q

Hydrophilic hormones??

A

insulin, oxytocin, prolactin, GH, ADH, releasing and stimulating hormones, and all hormones secreted by the heart, thalamus, thymus, digestive tract.

DO NOT LAST IN BLOOD VERY LONG!

RECEPTOR IS OUTSIDE

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15
Q

Secondary messegners include?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and Ca2+

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16
Q

First messenger ??

A

Hormones; ephinephrine, norepinephrine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH.

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17
Q

Function of G-proteins

A

1- G-proteins activate Adenylate Cyclase - turns ATP into cAMP (secondary messenger)= Activates enzymes and opens ion channels

2- activates Ca2+ channels

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18
Q

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

Regulating enzyme that breaks down cAMP back into AMP

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19
Q

Caffeine

A

Boosts cAMP (inhibits PDE)

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20
Q

Hormone regulation

A

-Humoral (blood composition)
-hormonal Stimuli (arrival or removal)
-Neural

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21
Q

what type of hormones does the hypothalamus releases?

A

“Regulatory” hormones- releasing hormones

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22
Q

what is the other name for pituitary gland ?

A

Hypophysis

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23
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

(Endocrine based)

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24
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Nerve based (posterior)

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25
Q

Anterior adenohypophysis

A

Activated by “releasing” hormones that transverse a specialized capillary network between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary only—— Hypophysial portal system

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26
Q

How does Adenohypophysis regulates hormones?

A

It regulates them via both an axial and non-axial regulation

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27
Q

Axial regulation

A

Hypothalamus-RH-Pituitary gland- Anterior lobe - Hormone 1- Endocrine organ- Hormone 2- Target cell

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28
Q

Non-axial regulatory hormones of Anterior pituitary

A

prolactin and GH (somatotropin)

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29
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone

A

Produced by the hypothalamus.

-Stimulates anterior pituitary release of prolactin “let down response” in women milk, regulatory function in men (behavior/ immune)

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30
Q

Prolactin is controlled by - feedback by ?

A

-Prolactin inhibits prolactin releasing hormone (PR-RH)
-Prolactin activates prolactin inhibiting hormone (PRL-IH) dopamine preventing prolactin production.

Ex: Prolactin-releasing hormone: PRL-RH -> Prolactin-> mammary glands (milk production) -> a. negative feedback b. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone: PRL-IH

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31
Q

GH

A

Somatomedins release and have an action on a. chondrocytes (ECM and collagen) b. Skeletal muscles. C. Bone

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32
Q

MSH

A

-Melanocyte stimulating hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
-Dopamine inhibits MSH

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33
Q

What hormones does posterior- neurohypophysis releases?

A

ADH and Oxytocin ( They’re activated by the neuronal activation via the hypothalamus

34
Q

ADH

A

vasopressin
Releases mainly as a result from increased solute concentration or low BV/BP
-Acts on kidneys to retain water
-Alcohol inhibits ADH

35
Q

Oxytocin

A

-Stimulates smooth contraction of uterus
-Promotes milk-let down response (post-delivery)
-Important in pair bonding in both men and women

36
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Make 2 types of hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (Tri-iodothyronine); both are lipophilic.

37
Q

What type of cells surround the colloid?

A

Simple cuboidal cells

38
Q

What makes calcitonin?

A

Among cuboidal cells are C-cells (parafollicular cells) different types of endocrine cells- make calcitonin

39
Q

Calcitonin

A

C-cells make calcitonin- secreted when blood Ca2+ are too high

-Increases secretion of Ca2+ into urine
-Prevent Ca2+ absorption in gut
-Stimulate bone growth in children
-reduces bone loss in starvation and in late srares of pregnancy (Dependent on vitamin K2)

40
Q

K1-phylloquinone

A

Derived from plants

41
Q

K2: Menaquinone

A

Derived from animals.

42
Q

K3- menadione

A

Synthetic

43
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

(4 on the back of the thyroid) involve with calcium homeostasis and usually increase calcium via breakdown of bone. 1% in blood 99 % in bone

44
Q

What are the two types of cells ?

A

Parathyroid (principle) cells and Oxyphil cells

45
Q

What hormone is secreted to raise blood Ca2+ levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

46
Q

What hormone activates osteoclasts to break down bone to liberate Ca2+ ?

A

PTH

47
Q

What hormone decreases urinary excretion?

A

PTH

48
Q

What hormone increases Ca2+ gut absorption (via calcitriol)

A

PTH

49
Q

Adrenal glands

A

(2x) sit on top the kidneys.

It has 4 layers: outer to innermost: Zone glomurulosa (mineralocorticoids), Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids), zona reticularis (androgens) and medulla (NE/E)

50
Q

Pineal gland

A

Makes melatonin (lipophilic) - involved with circadian rhythms of the body (sleep wake cycle)

51
Q

Pancreas

A

Contains 4 cell types- Alpha, beta, delta, pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions

52
Q

Endocrine cells

Alpha-cells- Glucagon

A

-Stimulated by dropping blood glucose
-Breaks down glycogen, breaks down TAGs, stimulates gluconeogenesis

53
Q

Endocrine-

Beta-cells: Insulin

A

-Stimulated by increasing blood glucose
- Shuttle glucose uptake, glycogen formation, amino acid absorption/ protein synthesis, TAG formation

54
Q

Endocrine-
Delta cells- GH-IH

A
55
Q

Endocrine-
Pancreatic polypeptide cells-

A

Glucagon Inhibits GB contraction and regulates enzymes

56
Q

Kidney Hormones:
-Calcitriol

A

Responds to PTH due to low blood Ca2+ or infection.

57
Q

What hormone is responsible for Ca2+ and PO4-3 absorption in gut ?

A

Calcitriol

58
Q

What hormone is responsible for formation of osteogenic cells ?

A

Calcitriol

59
Q

What hormone is responsible for stimulating bone resorption ?

A

Calcitriol

60
Q

What hormone is responsible for Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys?

A

Calcitriol

61
Q

What hormone is responsible for stimulating bone resorption Suppressing PTH?

A

Calcitriol

62
Q

The kidneys make CALCITRIOL for what purpose ?

A

CA2+ absorption

63
Q

All cell make Carcitriol for what purpose?

A

Immune and other functions

64
Q

Kidney Hormone-

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulated by low O2 to activate production of RBCs within the bone marrow -> Kidney make EPO

65
Q

Kidney hormone-

Renin

A

Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system as a result of declined blood flow, or low blood volume/pressure

66
Q

Activates angiotensiogen into angiotensin I

A

Renin

67
Q

Heart

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (Na+ excretion)

68
Q

Thymus

A

Thymic hormone (thymosins) promote lymphocyte development

69
Q

Gonads

A

Sex hormones

70
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Secretes leptin (fat and appetite regulator)

71
Q

Why is leptin necessary ?

A

It is necessary to activate GnRG for puberty and maturation

72
Q

What causes puberty to get delayed in girls?

A

Excessively low adipose

73
Q

Infertility issues in women can be caused by ?

A

Excessively low adipose

74
Q

Menstruation can be affected by?

A

Low body weight

75
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

76
Q

Thyroid gland secretes?

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

77
Q

Pancreas secretes?

A

Insulin and glucagon

78
Q

Pineal gland secretes?

A

Melatonin

79
Q

Parathyroid gland secretes ?

A

parathyroid hormone

80
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes?

A

Steroid hormone

81
Q

anterior pituitary secretes?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone and growth hormone

82
Q

The hypothalamus communicates with the ________________________ via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

A&p2 (7 decks)

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