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Herbs and phytochemicals > Stimulants and sedatives > Flashcards

Stimulants and sedatives Flashcards

1
Q

Dopamine: where found, acts on what types of receptors

A

•Found in:

oBrain & Brainstem

  • Substantia nigra (reward, addiction, movement)
  • Hypothalamus (inhibits prolactin release)
  • Receptors

oIonotropic: none

oMetabotropic:

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2
Q

Where mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways for dopamine start

A

VTA (ventral tegmental area)

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3
Q

Dopamine can act on three pathways in the brain: mesolimbocortical and two others. List them and say what they are doing

A

Mesolimbical/mesocortical

Tuberoinfudibular pathway

Nigrostriatal pathway

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4
Q

Coca: scientific name, part used,

A

Erythroxylum coca

Leaves

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5
Q

Cocaine: what are the effects (the mechanism of action), risks:

A
  • Addictive due to effects on dopamine reward pathway. High risk of dependence.
  • Risk of stroke, heart attack, lung problems, blood infections, sudden cardiac death.
  • Blocks reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters – dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
  • Causes profound mental stimulation: increased talkativeness, flight of ideas, euphoria, and inflated self-esteem. Fatigue is offset and there’s reduced need for sleep.
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6
Q

Norepinephrine: where it is found, and what receptors

A

No ionotropic

Alpha and beta metabotropic

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7
Q

Ephedra: scientific name, part used,

A

Ephedra sinica

Dried stems, roots

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8
Q

Ephedra how it is used, where, side effects, allowed in canada/us?

A

TCM (traditional chinese medicine)

US banned, Health Canada does not have an act to regulate dietary supplements, and issued only a partial ban on the sale of ephedrine-containing products

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9
Q

Ephedrine: mechanism of action

A
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10
Q

Where purines are found in, receptors

A
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11
Q

What is the oldest and most abundant receptors in all living organism, function?

A
  • Purinergic receptors are the oldest and most abundant in all living organisms.
  • The ionotropic P2X receptor binds ATP and evolved over a billion years ago.
  • In CNS, ATP and adenosine play an important role in sleep.
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12
Q

Three aspects that regulate sleep

A
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13
Q

What makes you wake up naturally

A

Cortisol

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14
Q

What parts of the night is dedicated to physical and psychological

A

Until 2 am- physical

after psyhological

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15
Q

How adenosine and sleep pressure is related

A
  • Extracellular adenosine levels in basal forebrain are lower during sleep and higher during sleep deprivation.
  • Adenosine is a sleep-promoting substance à decreases the activity of cholinergic neurons.
  • An increase in adenosine reflects an increased breakdown of cellular ATP.
  • Adenosine regulation of sleep is mediated by A1 and A2 receptors.
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16
Q

Caffeine: how it wakes us up and makes us alert, implications

A

•Caffeine is a CNS stimulant.•Acts as an antagonist for ALL adenosine receptors.•Antagonistic effects on the A2A receptor is responsible for alertness.

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17
Q

Coffee: scientific name, part used,

A

Coffee arabica

seed

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18
Q

Tea: scientific names, part used,

A

Camella sinensis

Leaves

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19
Q

Cocoa: scientific name, part used,

A

Theobroma cacao

20
Q

Yerba mate: scientific names, part used

A

Ilex paraguariensis

Leaves &Stems

21
Q

Is yerba mate is healthier than coffee

A

Advocates view it as healthful, noting that it contains vitamins, antioxidants, and anti-carcinogens. Heavy use, however, has been correlated with increased incidence of esophageal cancer, which is generally thought to result from the traditional method of consumption: sipping the liquid piping hot through a metal straw out of a heat-retaining gourd.

22
Q

Guarana: scientific name, part used,

A

Paullinia cupana

Seeds

23
Q

Summary table for 5 plants, highest to lowest caffeine content

A

Cocoa

Yerba Mate

Coffee

Tea

Guarana

24
Q

Caffeine intoxication: signs

A
  • Overdose of caffeine occurs >400 mg.
  • Symptoms are comparable to other stimulants: restlessness, fidgeting, anxiety, excitement, insomnia, flushing, increased urination, GI disturbance, muscle twitching, irritability, irregular or rapid heart beat, rambling flow of thought and speech.
25
Q

What is the target action of plants that act as sedatives, what each receptor is responsible to do

A
  • Plants that induce CNS depression must either facilitate neuron inhibition or inhibit the neuronal excitation.
  • 1) GABA Receptor Agonists

oCan also enhance GABA activity by blocking its reuptake or increasing its release.

  • 2) Glutamate Receptor Antagonists
  • 3) Blocking of voltage-gated ion channels.
26
Q

GABA receptors have allosteric binding sites for___

A

obenzodiazepines, barbiturates, certain steroids, and ethanol.

27
Q

Why some sedatives impair memory

A

Glutamate receptor (NMDA) is involved in memory, sedatives block glutamate receptors

28
Q

Excitatory amino acids receptors are

A

AMPA, kainate receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR).

29
Q

Anti seizure drugs predominantly act on

A

Blocking of voltage-gated ion channels.

30
Q

Valerian: scientific name, part used

A
  • Valeriana officinalis*
  • Root& rhizomes*
31
Q

Valerian bioactivity; main classes; likely mechanism of action

A
  • Valerian’s bioactivity may be due to additive / synergistic effects from several compounds.
  • Main components fall in 3 main phytochemical categories:

oMonoterpenes•

oSesquiterpenes

oAlkaloids

Two likely mechanism of action.

1.Facilitates GABA release and reversal of uptake.2.Inhibition of GABA breakdown.

32
Q

What is apigenin

A

A yellow colored flavonoid that is found in chamomile, but also in celery and other plants

Apigenin→ sedative

33
Q

Chamomile: latin name, part used,

A

Matricaria recutita

Dried flowers

34
Q

Apigenin: potential mechanism

A

•Apigenin has several potential mechanisms of action

oAs a monoamine transport activator.

oAs a ligand for benzodiazepine receptors

•Sedative and anxiolytic effects likely mediated by the ability of apigenin to bind to benzodiazepine receptors on GABAA

35
Q

Kava: latin name, part used

A

Piper methysticum

Rootstalk

36
Q

Kava potential mechanism of action

A
  • Psychotropic effects seem to be a combination of kava’s phytochemicals.
  • 4 main mechanisms:
  1. GABA: Facilitates GABA transmission
  2. Voltage-gated ion channels: Inhibits Na+ channels and subsequent release of glutamate.
  3. Monoamine: Kavalactones inhibit monoamine oxidase B and reduce inflammation.
  4. Eicosanoids: Kavain inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), suppressing synthesis of thromboxane A2. In turn, lower thromboxane A2 increases GABA function.
37
Q

Passiflora incarnata: what common name, compound, what does it do, action

A

Passionflower

Chrysin

Benzodiazepine partial agonist

38
Q

Humulus lupupus and nepeta cataria: what is common and the difference

A

Hops and catnip are both sedatives, unknown mechanism, but different active compounds

Hops:2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol

Catnip: Cis-trans-nepetalactone

39
Q

What is chorea

A

•a neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face.

40
Q

What are tics

A

a habitual spasmodic contraction of the muscles, most often in the face

41
Q

What is athetosis

A
42
Q

What is diuretic

A

•causing increased passing of urine.

43
Q

What is going to have in Nigrostriatal pathway (movement) when dopamine low/high

A
44
Q

What is going to have in Mesocorticolimbic pathway (mood/reward) when dopamine low/high

A
45
Q

What is going to have in Tuberoinfundubular pathway (no prolactin) when dopamine low/high

A

Herbs and phytochemicals (10 decks)

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