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Herbs and phytochemicals > Plants that heal and kill > Flashcards

Plants that heal and kill Flashcards

1
Q

Calabar bean: scientific name, part used

A

Physostigma venenosum

Bean

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2
Q

How physostigmine can cause harm to people

A
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3
Q

How physostigmine is used in medicine

A

The ability to contract the pupil led to use of physostigmine to treat galucoma - the leading cause of blindness in adults

When applied to the eye, it causes contraction of the pupil and a fall in intraocular pressure, this prevents damage to the optic nerve and retina

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4
Q

Three names that can be given to physostigmine to describe its properties

A
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5
Q

Deadly nightshade: scientific name, part used, bioactive compound

A

Atropa belladonna

Foliage, berries

Atropine

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6
Q

What is mydriasis? What is miosis?

A

Mydriasis-pupil dilation
Miosis- pupil constriction

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7
Q

Atropine can be described as ___ (3 synonyms that describe its action)

A
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8
Q

When atropine is used related to eyes?

A

As it dilates the pupil, it is used before eye examinations and to treat certain eye conditions like uveitis

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9
Q

Atropine: action on the nervous system

A
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10
Q

Castor bean: scientific name, part used, bioactive compound

A

Ricinus communis

Ricin

Bean

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11
Q

Ricin: what are the symptoms of ingesting it; inhaling?

A
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12
Q

Ricin what organelle it targets and how is it called consequently

A
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13
Q

Two types of RIPs

A
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14
Q

In what cycle of ribosome ricin intervenes and how

A

Elongation portion of protein synthesize

It binds to adenine in alpha-sarcin loop and inhibit this ribosome irreversibly

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15
Q

What is the structure of ricin

A

heterodimeric

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16
Q

How ricin reaches ribosomes?

A

Beta chain of ricin can be bind to extracellular glycoproteins and glycolipids and be be uptaken by endocytosis. it then reaches golgi apparatus and via retrograde transport gets into ER

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17
Q

Why castor oil can be used as a lubricant?

A

Rish in ricinoleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid that acts as a humectant

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18
Q

In RIPs class two A and B chain are connected by what link

A

Sulfur bridge

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19
Q

Rosary pea: latin name, part used, compound

A

Abrus precatorius

Bean

Abrin

20
Q

Abrin how it harms the cell

A

It acts on mitochondria and induces the production of ROS

It increases capillary permeability and tissue edema

21
Q

What are lectins?

A

CHO-binding proteins that are toxic and ubiquitous in nature

22
Q

How lectins can be inactivated

A
23
Q

Two major forms of lectins

A
24
Q

How gluten can be partially digested

A

By proteases targeting gliadin and glutenin

25
Q

What is the action of gliadin on the gut

A
26
Q

Zonulin function

A
27
Q

Why there is increased gluten nowadays? Reasons that we should go gluten free?

A
  • New types with higher starch and gluten.
  • Glyphosates (interfere with microbiota) and quick rise yeast that do not digest gluten fully as before
28
Q

How agglutinins are used in plants

A

Natural defence mechanism against fungi. In GMO plants Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) is higher

29
Q

what agglutinins do in GI tract

A

1) Agglutinins are small and remain intact. They are resistant to low pH and proteolytic enzymes.

They are not directly toxic to enterocytes but can increase gut permeability and is a well-known stimulator of the innate and adaptive immune system.

1) WGA binds directly to 2 sugars found on cell membrane

2) WGA binds to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor and causes tight junctions to open.
3) EGF also internalizes WGA into enterocytes and into the blood stream.

30
Q

Two sugars to what WGA binds in the gut

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid (proteoglycans)

31
Q

Which barrier agglutinins is able to cross once in the blood?

A

Blood Brain Barrier through “absorptive endocytosis”

32
Q

What agglutinins do once in the brain?

A
  • It binds to the N-Actylneuraminic acids on the surface of brain neural membranes, such as gangliosides. These have diverse roles such as cell-to-cell contact, ion conductance, and as receptors.
  • WGA can bind to myelin sheaths and is capable of inhibiting Nerve Growth Factor
33
Q

Examples of agglutinins and their detrimental effect on the body when ingested

A

oKidney beans contain high levels of phytohaemagglutinin – a very toxic and immunogenic agglutinin.

oPeanut agglutinins also enter bloodstream soon after ingestion.

oSoy agglutinins can cause intestinal permeability to the same extent as WGA.

oTomato lectin (Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin) can bind to and cross he gut barrier.

34
Q

Curare: scientific name, part used, bioactive compound

A

Chondrodendron temontosum

Bark/wood stems

tubocurarine

35
Q

The mechanism of action of curare

A
  • Tubocurarine blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) at the neuromuscular junction.
  • Tubocurarine is a competitive antagonist of ACh: it occupies the same position on the receptor as ACh, but with greater affinity.
36
Q

The antidote for curare poisoning

A

•The antidote for curare poisoning is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as physostigmine.

37
Q

Curare dangerous when ingested

A

No, only when gets inside the muscle, blood

38
Q

How curare was used in medicine? and used now

A

Used as an anesthesia now

39
Q

What other cardiac glycosides apart from digoxin foxglove have? how they are called, the collective term due to their function

A
  • Contains powerful cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, diginin, digoxin, digitonin) that act directly on heart muscle.
  • They are cardiotonic, functioning as a heart stimulant that improves the tone and rhythm of an irregular heartbeat.
40
Q

What are the signs of digitalis toxicity and who is prone to it

A
  • Overdose of digitalis causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, drooling, abnormal heart rate, weakness, collapse, dilated pupils, tremors, seizures, and death.
  • Poisonings occur mostly in children younger than 6 years who chew the flowers or taste the nectar.
41
Q

Mechanism of action of digitalis

A
  • Acts as a diuretic to reduce fluid retention, a symptom of heart disease.
  • By promoting a regular heartbeat, digitalis causes more blood to reach the kidneys, where excess fluids are removed rather than accumulated in the body.
  • Digoxin inhibits the sodium potassium ATPase (NA+/K+ ATPase) in the myocardium.
  • This inhibition causes a decrease in heart rate and increase in stroke volume.
42
Q

What is parasympathomimetic

A

•sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS.

43
Q

What is parasympathyolyric

A

•is an agent that blocks the action of the parasympathetic nervous system; anticholinergic.

44
Q

What is cycloplegia

A

paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye

45
Q

What is humectant

A

retain moisture by preventing water loss through the outer layer of the skin.

Herbs and phytochemicals (10 decks)

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