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Herbs and phytochemicals > Plants that affect acetylcholine receptors > Flashcards

Plants that affect acetylcholine receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine is the most widespread receptor. Yes/no?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Give a structure of the nervous system (what types)

A
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3
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Parasympathetic usually calms, sympathetic activates. The main difference: there is no intervention in parasympathetic into the adrenal system (cortisol, epinephrine, nor

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4
Q

Make a table, sympathetic and parasympathetic and Function; overall effect; organs and glands it activates; hormones and substances it increases; body functions it activates; psychological qualities; factors that activate this system

A
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5
Q

What is cholinergic neuron?

A

Cholinergic neuron when a neuron is using acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Compare the difference in neuron composition and neurotransmitters between somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

A

Ganglion-where two neurons meet

A long presynaptic neuron- the response comes longer compared to sympathetic, where the presynaptic neuron is shorter

As a presynaptic neurotransmitter- acetylcholine, as a postsynaptic- norepinephrine

Dopamine, norepinephrine- not only a neurotransmitter but also hormones

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7
Q

5 classes of neurotransmitters and give examples of each class

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Amino Acids 1.Glutamate 2.GABA 3.Glycine
  3. Monoamine. Indolamines: Serotonin

Catecholamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

  1. Purines 1.Adenosine
  2. Peptides 1.Opioid
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8
Q

Where acetylcholine is found ( what is particular about sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?)

A

•Found in:

oMotor neuron

oBrain

oAutonomic Nervous System

  • Sympathetic: Ganglion neurotransmitter (pre synaptic)
  • Parasympathetic: Both ganglionic and terminal
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9
Q

What diseases are treated targeting acetylcholine receptors

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Dimentia

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10
Q

Two types of receptors for acetylcholine

A

oIonotropic: Nicotinic receptors (for other neurotransmitters have the same type but different name)

oMetabotropic: Muscarinic (mushroom) receptors

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11
Q

What is it

A

Acetylcholine

On the right -ketone

on the left-choline-essential nutrient

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12
Q

The difference between muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

A

Metabotropic is a lot slower than ionotropic, ionotropic the ligand just binds and the receptor is opened

Metabotropic- g coupled

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13
Q

What are two scientific names for two different tobaccos?

A
  • Nicotiana rustica* (Aztec tobacco)
  • Nicotiana tabacum* (Tobacco)
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14
Q

Parts of tobacco plant used, means of administration, active compound, compound class, uses

A

Part Used

Leaves

Mode of administration

Insufflation (when someone blows into your nose rapé)

Inhalation

Bioactive compound

Nicotine

Compound class

Alkaloid

Uses

Entheogenic

Stimulant / Sedative

Antispasmodic

Antinausea

Expectorant

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15
Q

What compound is it?

A

Nicotine

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16
Q

On what receptor does nicotine act?

A

•Acts as a receptor agonist at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR).

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17
Q

What is the most abundant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the central nervous system

A

alpha 7

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18
Q

Why nicotine is highly addictive

A
  • Highly addictive – directly stimulates the acetylcholine receptors on dopamine-containing neurons.
  • Causes an overflow of dopamine in the reward centers of the brain.
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19
Q

On what system nicotine is acting and how

A

•Activates the sympathetic nervous system, stimulating the release of epinephrine.

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20
Q

Why nicotine effect is much stronger on nicotinic receptor than of acetylcholine

A

Nicotine can stimulate acetylcholine receptors but because acetylcholinesterase cannot degrade it, nicotine sticks around and continues to stimulate the neurons

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21
Q

what is PAM

A

Positive allosteric modulator, it is other molecules that can bind to the receptor

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22
Q

What is the common intracellular messenger

A

Ca

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23
Q

Where α7nAChR are usually expressed, what is responsible for and disfunctional receptor can lead to what diseases

A

•In the brain, α7nAChRs are abundantly expressed in the regions underlying cognition, memory, sensory processing, attention, and reward.•Dysfunctional α7nAChR are associated with many psychiatric and neurological diseases: schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, ADHD, addiction, Parkinson’s disease

24
Q

What dopaminergic pathways determine

A

Partially genetically predisposed. Will determine how the person is addictive to things

25
Q

What are the two types of dopaminergic pathways and how having one or another influences you as a person

A

Mesolimbic (goes to the center) plays a major role in addicitons

If you have a genetic predisposition to have more mesolimbic, than you have less willpower than the ones who have more mesocortical

26
Q

What dopaminergic system nicotine is infleuncing

A

Nicotine influences predominantly VTA (ventral Tegmental Area), it is a spot in the pons, indicating that the dopamine system is extremely primitive

27
Q

How does nicotine cause addiction?

A
28
Q

What is the controversial effects of nicotine in obesity and colitis?

A

There is an increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis, and the protective effect involves the activation of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that requires the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on immune cells.

29
Q

Why people confuse nicotine and tobacco? is why better than another?

A

•Nicotine is responsible for the addictive nature of tobacco.•Severe health effects of tobacco use comes from other chemicals – lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema.•Tobacco smoking can lead to lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, stroke, heart attack, leukemia, cataracts, and pneumonia.

30
Q

How tobacco is turned into a harmful product?

A

•Curing and aging of tobacco leaves generates carcinogenic TOBACCO-SPECIFIC NITROSAMINES (TSNAs).•Starch is converted to sugar, which glycates proteins. This oxidizes into ADVANCED GLYCATION ENDPRODUCTS (AGEs).•Inhalation of AGEs is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and cancer.•Manufacturer use additives to enhance flavour, reduce harshness, and increase addictiveness (ammonia).

31
Q

give definitions: insufflation, expectorant, stimulant, depressant, entheogenic

A

•INSUFFLATION – The act of blowing something into a body cavity.•EXPECTORANT – Promotes the secretion of sputum.•STIMULANT - Causing raised levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body.•DEPRESSANT – Causing reduced functional or nervous activity.•ENTHEOGENIC – a drug that causes one to become inspired or to experience feelings of inspiration, often in a religious or “spiritual” manner

32
Q

What is this compound where it can be found

A

Muscarine

In fly agaric

33
Q

Make a table for fly agaric

Scientific name

Part used

Mode of adminestration

Bioactive compounds, class

uses

A

Scientific Name

Amanita muscaria

Part Used

Entire mushroom

Mode of administration

Ingestion

Bioactive compound

Muscarine

Compound class

Alkaloid

Uses

Entheogenic

Hallucinogen

Antinausea

Expectorant

34
Q

Is muscarine present high in Amanita muscaria? What is its effect? Mechanism of action

A
  • Only found in trace amounts in Amanita muscaria.
  • Mimics the actions of Ach (Ach agonist) on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  • Causes profound activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Not degraded by achetylcholinesterase, explaining its toxicity.
35
Q

Ingesting high doses of muscarine can cause… How treated

A
  • Can cause circulatory collapse and death.
  • Use to treat Glaucoma, Hirschprung disease (congenital megacolon), and dry mouth.
  • Treated with Atropine, an antagonist of muscarinic receptors
36
Q

What is the name of the compound that makes you high in amanita muscaria

A

Muscimol (also known as agarin or pantherine) is one of the principal psychoactive constituents of Amanita muscaria and related species of mushroom. Muscimol is a potent, selective agonist for the GABAA receptors [2] and displays sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic psychoactivity.

•MUSCIMOL and its pre-drug IBOTENIC ACID are the cause of hallucinations and toxicity.

37
Q

Amanita poisoning: dosage, symptoms, to what drugs the dissociative effect is similar to

A
  • Symptoms are unpredictable - based on habitat, amount eaten.
  • Fatal dose is 15 caps.
  • Nausea, stomach aches, vomiting
  • Excessive salivation, loss of balance (drunkenness), twitching, trembling•

Dissociative effect similar to Z-drugs like Ambien, Lumesta (sleeping drugs)

  • Changes in perception (depth and size)
  • Euphoria & relaxation / hypnotic / sedative
38
Q

What is it?

A

Muscimol

39
Q

Ibotenic acid function

A

Ibotenic acid

•Potent AGONIST of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) metabotropic glutamate receptors

.•Responsible for the nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting associated with Amanita ingestion.

40
Q

What plants are used in divinatin? (3)

their scientific names, family and main compounds

A
41
Q

What is it?

A

Angel’s trumpets

42
Q

Jimson weed: latin name, active compounds

A

Datura Stramonium

Tropane alkoloids: atropne, scopolamine, hyoscamine

43
Q

What is anti-cholinergic

A

•Inhibits the transmission of the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE.

44
Q

What effect tropane alkaloids have?

A
  • Anti-cholinergic: Inhibits the transmission of the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE.
  • Suppresses the parasympathetic nervous system.
  • Can cause pronounced amnesia, bizarre behaviour, and the inability to distinguish reality from fantasy.
45
Q

when tropane alkaloids can be used in medicine

A

•Medicinal use:

oATROPINE eye drops used to dilate the pupils.

oATROPINE injections used in the treatment of bradycardia.

oSCOPOLAMINE used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea.

oHYOSCYAMINE provide symptomatic relief of spasms caused by peptic ulcers, IBS, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, and colic.

46
Q

How scopolamine was used in the beginning of 20th century

A

Scopolamine was used as a truth serum.

47
Q

How to find out that the compound in front of you is tropane alkoloids

A

Chair formation with nitrogen

48
Q

What is happening to choline after its breakdown by Acetylcholinesterase

A

Choline is recycled

49
Q

What is true hallucinations

A

When reality and fantasy is the same

50
Q

Why tropane alkoloids are so dangerous as a drug?

A

Fatal dose is very close to hallucinogenic one

51
Q

What are the symptoms of anticholinergic intoxication (when you parasympathetic system is decreased)

A
  • Blind as a bat*
  • Mad as a hatter*
  • Red as a beet*
  • Hot as a hare*
  • Dry as a bone*
  • The bowel and bladder lose their tone*
  • And the heart runs alone.*
52
Q

What are glycoalkaloids where they are found, how they act on human body? what particular compound

A
  • Natural pesticides found in high concentration in leaves, flowers, and unripe fruit.
  • They bind strongly to cholesterol in call membranes, causing cells to leak or burst open.

Blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase – can lead to paralysis, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and death

Sprouts and green spots in potatoes are dangerously high in glycoalkaloids

Solanine-glycoalkaloid in potatoes

53
Q

Absorbivity of glycoalkoloids

A

The intact glycoalkaloid is poorly absorbed from the gut but causes gastrointestinal irritation. The aglycone is absorbed and is believed to be responsible for observed nervous system signs.

Aglycone-without sugar. Aglycone resembles sterol

54
Q

How glycoalkoids (in particular alpha-solanine) was found to have anti-cancer effect

A

α-solanine was found to have a proliferation-inhibiting and an apoptosis-promoting effect on multiple cancer cells, such as clone, liver, melanoma cancer cells

55
Q

What is the latin name for chili pepper

A

Capsicum annuum

56
Q

Summarize the lecture about acetylcholine (chemicals that act on receptors, enzymes)

A
  • AChR AGONISTS: Nicotine
  • ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS: Galantamine, Solanaceous Glycoalkaloidso

Parasympathetic Nervous System increased activation

  • Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction, GI tract hypermobility, decreased intraocular pressure, increased lower esophageal sphincter tone, cramps, increased salivation, lacrimation, muscular weakness, paralysis, muscular fasciculation, diarrhea, blurry vision
  • AChR ANTAGONISTS: Tropane Alkaloids

Parasympathetic Nervous System reduced activation•

CNS depression: amnesia, fatigue, reduction in REM•Anti-Parkinson drug, Anti-Alzheimer’s drug, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants•Anticholinergic Toxidrome•True hallucinations

Herbs and phytochemicals (10 decks)

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