Plants that affect Amino acid and Monoamine receptors Flashcards by Valeriya Boyarkina

Muscimol resembles what neurotransmitter

GABA

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Where glutamate is found, role in the body, receptors it acts on

Found everywhere in the CNS:
Excites the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brain stem, hippocampus, cerebellum.

Plays a critical role in long-term potentiation (memory) and neuroplasticity

Receptors:
All excitatory
Ionotropic: NMDA
Metabotropic: do not need specifics

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What is the difference between AMPA and NMDA

AMPA
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate
Na+ & K + influx only

NMDA
N-methyl-d-aspartate
Needs 2 ligands (+glycine)
Needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug Mg++ block
Ca++ influx along with Na+ and K+

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What is excitotoxicity and how it is related to NMDA
What conditions are related to excitotoxicity

Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors responsible for excitotoxicity and cell death.

Results from excessive stimulation of NMDA & AMPA receptors

Synaptic NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells.

Conditions linked to excitotoxicity: stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, spinal injuries.

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How allicin, valerenic acid and red wine are connected to excitotoxicity

They protect from glutamate induced cytotoxicity

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Scientific name for turmeric, part used,

Scientific Name Curcuma longa

Part Used. Rhizome

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Where GABA is found, what receptors it acts on, main function

Found everywhere in CNS
Inhibits the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia.
Found in interneurons
All about sedation, used in anxieties
Receptors:
All inhibitory
Ionotropic:
Metabotropic:

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Where glycine is found? what receptors

Found in the spinal cord
Inhibits spinal cord interneurons- only in spinal cord

Receptors:
Ionotropic: Cl- channel

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What is strychine? where found

Occurs in the seeds of Strychnine tree

Used to make poison arrows

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Sctrychine tree, scientific name

Scientific Name
Strychnos nux-vomica

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Two classes of monoamines, from what they are synthesized and how they are degraded

Catecholamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Synthesized from Tyrosine
Degraded intracellularly by monoamine oxidase

Indolamines: Serotonin (5-HT)
Synthesized from Tryptophan
Degraded intracellularly by monoamine oxidase

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Ayahuasca: scientific name,

Scientific Name
Banisteriopsis caapi

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Why ayahuasca is known

It is MAO (mono amine oxidase inhibitor)

in ayahuasca it is harmine: inhibits the breakdown of monoamines transmitter (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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What is DMT

dimethyltryptamine- gives halucinogenic experience

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What is ayhuasca drink

Ayahuasca (MAO)+ DMT containing plant

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What are other actions of harmine except mental

Might help people with T1 and T2DM

Can we produce DMT endogenously

YEs

Can DMT be eaten

DMT cannot be eaten. Monoamine Oxidase in the stomach and GI lining metabolize it before entering the blood stream. It can be prepared as a powdered snuff.

DMT acts on what receptors

agonist of serotonin receptors

Serotonin is found where, receptors and other short name

(5-HT)
Found in:
Brain & Brainstem: Pineal Gland, Raphe nuclei in the pons, Limbic function

Receptors
Ionotropic:
Metabotropic:

How serotonin is produced in humans? what is the relationship with the brain

Most serotonin found in gut where it helps control bowel movements.
Produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells lining the digestive tract.
Healthy gut bacteria can produce short-chain fatty acids like butyrate that can influence the production of serotonin in the enterochromaffin cells. They can also alter the availability of tryptophan.
The Brain-Gut Axis: More nerves in the gut than in the spinal cord. Link between depression and IBS is strong.

Serotonin function on the gut and in the brain

IN THE BRAIN
Acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates:
•Mood
•Fear
•Anxiety
•Feelings of relaxation
•Mental Focus
•Learning Ability
•Clarity of Thought

IN THE GUT
Acts as a hormonal messenger that regulates:
•Satiety
•Food Cravings
•Digestion
•Nutrient Absorption
•Peristalsis

How serotonin is connected to melatonin

Serotonin is converted to melatonin

What happens when serotinin levels are high or low

Low:Depression
Anxiety
🡹 Pain Sensitivity
Sleep disturbances
Fatigue

Just right: happiness, relaxation

High: Medical emergency
Possible death
Causes:
SRIs
OTC Supplements

Ergot, what is it? scientific name

The black fungus growing on rye (not wheat) Scientific Name Claviceps purpurea

Two types of ergotism and their description

_Two types:_ 1. Serotonergic stimulation of the CNS: 1. Characterized by muscle spasms, fever and hallucinations. Victims may appear dazed, be unable to speak, become manic, or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions. 1. Vasoconstriction of the vascular system: 1. Violent burning, absent peripheral pulses and shooting pain of the poorly vascularized distal organs, such as the fingers and toes. This can lead to gangrene and loss of limbs.

To what drug ergine is resembling structurally

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Morning glory: scientific name, part used

**Scientific Name** *Ipomoea tricolor* **Part Used** Seeds

LSD effects

•Causes altered thoughts, feelings, and hyper-awareness. Dilates pupils, increases blood pressure, and body temperature.

On what receptors ergot alkaloids act on, their overall action, used in medicine how

* **SEROTOGENIC:** Similar structure to serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine. Can bind to several receptors, acting as an agonist. * **VASOCONSTRICTION:** Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors. This is what caused dry gangrene in St. Anthony’s Fire. * Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine.•Used in medicine to treat migraines

How to naturally raise serotonin

•Food oCarbs increase tryptophan transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier •Exercise oReleases tryptophan into the blood and reduces levels of other amino acids •Bright Light oGo outside! Or get a sunlamp. •Mood & Mindset oThink positive• MassageoHugs, intimacy, & human touch •Probiotics oImproves gut health

St. John's Wort: scientific name, part used

**Scientific Name** *Hypericum perforatum* **Part Used** Flowers & Buds

Hyperforin displays a similar activity to \_\_\_\_. What are side effects

•Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and with better tolerance. ## Footnote it was **superior to placebo in patients with major depression** •Clinical research results are MIXED. Might not be effective for everyone. Some may experience side effects. oDigestive issues, sleep issues, fatigue, skin rashes, photosensitivity

Why st.john's wort can influence the metabolism of other drugs and how it is done

Induces the **Cytochrome P450** enzymes •This increases the metabolism of certain drugs. oDecreased plasma concentration. oDecreased clinical effects. •Drugs that St. John’s Wort can affect include: oContraceptives oImmunosuppressants oBenzodiazepines oBet-blockers oCalcium channel blockers oStatins

What is the PAM for GABA

Ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepine

How GABA receptor looks like

two beta two alpha one gamma units

in what context we talk about curcumin?

Curcumin prevents from Glutamate induced cytotoxicity

What is strychnine: on what receptors it acts and action in body

Strychnine is a Glycine Receptor Antagonist Also an antagonist of Ach receptors Affects motor nerve fibers in the spinal cord which control muscle contraction Poisoning results in muscular convulsions Eventual death through asphyxia