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Herbs and phytochemicals > Plants that affect Amino acid and Monoamine receptors > Flashcards

Plants that affect Amino acid and Monoamine receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Muscimol resembles what neurotransmitter

A

GABA

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2
Q

Where glutamate is found, role in the body, receptors it acts on

A

Found everywhere in the CNS:
Excites the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brain stem, hippocampus, cerebellum.

Plays a critical role in long-term potentiation (memory) and neuroplasticity

Receptors:
All excitatory
Ionotropic: NMDA
Metabotropic: do not need specifics

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3
Q

What is the difference between AMPA and NMDA

A

AMPA
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate
Na+ & K + influx only

NMDA
N-methyl-d-aspartate
Needs 2 ligands (+glycine)
Needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug Mg++ block
Ca++ influx along with Na+ and K+

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4
Q

What is excitotoxicity and how it is related to NMDA
What conditions are related to excitotoxicity

A

Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors responsible for excitotoxicity and cell death.

Results from excessive stimulation of NMDA & AMPA receptors

Synaptic NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells.

Conditions linked to excitotoxicity: stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, spinal injuries.

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5
Q

How allicin, valerenic acid and red wine are connected to excitotoxicity

A

They protect from glutamate induced cytotoxicity

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6
Q

Scientific name for turmeric, part used,

A

Scientific Name Curcuma longa

Part Used. Rhizome

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7
Q

Where GABA is found, what receptors it acts on, main function

A

Found everywhere in CNS
Inhibits the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia.
Found in interneurons
All about sedation, used in anxieties
Receptors:
All inhibitory
Ionotropic:
Metabotropic:

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8
Q

Where glycine is found? what receptors

A

Found in the spinal cord
Inhibits spinal cord interneurons- only in spinal cord

Receptors:
Ionotropic: Cl- channel

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9
Q

What is strychine? where found

A

Occurs in the seeds of Strychnine tree

Used to make poison arrows

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10
Q

Sctrychine tree, scientific name

A

Scientific Name
Strychnos nux-vomica

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11
Q

Two classes of monoamines, from what they are synthesized and how they are degraded

A

Catecholamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Synthesized from Tyrosine
Degraded intracellularly by monoamine oxidase

Indolamines: Serotonin (5-HT)
Synthesized from Tryptophan
Degraded intracellularly by monoamine oxidase

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12
Q

Ayahuasca: scientific name,

A

Scientific Name
Banisteriopsis caapi

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13
Q

Why ayahuasca is known

A

It is MAO (mono amine oxidase inhibitor)

in ayahuasca it is harmine: inhibits the breakdown of monoamines transmitter (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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14
Q

What is DMT

A

dimethyltryptamine- gives halucinogenic experience

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15
Q

What is ayhuasca drink

A

Ayahuasca (MAO)+ DMT containing plant

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16
Q

What are other actions of harmine except mental

A

Might help people with T1 and T2DM

17
Q

Can we produce DMT endogenously

A

YEs

18
Q

Can DMT be eaten

A

DMT cannot be eaten. Monoamine Oxidase in the stomach and GI lining metabolize it before entering the blood stream. It can be prepared as a powdered snuff.

19
Q

DMT acts on what receptors

A

agonist of serotonin receptors

20
Q

Serotonin is found where, receptors and other short name

A

(5-HT)
Found in:
Brain & Brainstem: Pineal Gland, Raphe nuclei in the pons, Limbic function

Receptors
Ionotropic:
Metabotropic:

21
Q

How serotonin is produced in humans? what is the relationship with the brain

A

Most serotonin found in gut where it helps control bowel movements.
Produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells lining the digestive tract.
Healthy gut bacteria can produce short-chain fatty acids like butyrate that can influence the production of serotonin in the enterochromaffin cells. They can also alter the availability of tryptophan.
The Brain-Gut Axis: More nerves in the gut than in the spinal cord. Link between depression and IBS is strong.

22
Q

Serotonin function on the gut and in the brain

A

IN THE BRAIN
Acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates:
•Mood
•Fear
•Anxiety
•Feelings of relaxation
•Mental Focus
•Learning Ability
•Clarity of Thought

IN THE GUT
Acts as a hormonal messenger that regulates:
•Satiety
•Food Cravings
•Digestion
•Nutrient Absorption
•Peristalsis

23
Q

How serotonin is connected to melatonin

A

Serotonin is converted to melatonin

24
Q

What happens when serotinin levels are high or low

A

Low:Depression
Anxiety
🡹 Pain Sensitivity
Sleep disturbances
Fatigue

Just right: happiness, relaxation

High: Medical emergency
Possible death
Causes:
SRIs
OTC Supplements

25
Q

Ergot, what is it? scientific name

A

The black fungus growing on rye (not wheat)

Scientific Name
Claviceps purpurea

26
Q

Two types of ergotism and their description

A

Two types:

  1. Serotonergic stimulation of the CNS:
  2. Characterized by muscle spasms, fever and hallucinations. Victims may appear dazed, be unable to speak, become manic, or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions.
  3. Vasoconstriction of the vascular system:
  4. Violent burning, absent peripheral pulses and shooting pain of the poorly vascularized distal organs, such as the fingers and toes. This can lead to gangrene and loss of limbs.
27
Q

To what drug ergine is resembling structurally

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

28
Q

Morning glory: scientific name, part used

A

Scientific Name

Ipomoea tricolor

Part Used

Seeds

29
Q

LSD effects

A

•Causes altered thoughts, feelings, and hyper-awareness. Dilates pupils, increases blood pressure, and body temperature.

30
Q

On what receptors ergot alkaloids act on, their overall action, used in medicine how

A
  • SEROTOGENIC: Similar structure to serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine. Can bind to several receptors, acting as an agonist.
  • VASOCONSTRICTION: Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors. This is what caused dry gangrene in St. Anthony’s Fire.
  • Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine.•Used in medicine to treat migraines
31
Q

How to naturally raise serotonin

A

•Food

oCarbs increase tryptophan transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier

•Exercise

oReleases tryptophan into the blood and reduces levels of other amino acids

•Bright Light

oGo outside! Or get a sunlamp.

•Mood & Mindset

oThink positive•

MassageoHugs, intimacy, & human touch

•Probiotics

oImproves gut health

32
Q

St. John’s Wort: scientific name, part used

A

Scientific Name

Hypericum perforatum

Part Used

Flowers & Buds

33
Q

Hyperforin displays a similar activity to ____. What are side effects

A

•Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and with better tolerance.

it was superior to placebo in patients with major depression

•Clinical research results are MIXED. Might not be effective for everyone. Some may experience side effects.

oDigestive issues, sleep issues, fatigue, skin rashes, photosensitivity

34
Q

Why st.john’s wort can influence the metabolism of other drugs and how it is done

A

Induces the Cytochrome P450 enzymes

•This increases the metabolism of certain drugs.

oDecreased plasma concentration.

oDecreased clinical effects.

•Drugs that St. John’s Wort can affect include:

oContraceptives

oImmunosuppressants

oBenzodiazepines

oBet-blockers

oCalcium channel blockers

oStatins

35
Q

What is the PAM for GABA

A

Ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepine

36
Q

How GABA receptor looks like

A

two beta

two alpha

one gamma units

37
Q

in what context we talk about curcumin?

A

Curcumin prevents from Glutamate induced cytotoxicity

38
Q

What is strychnine: on what receptors it acts and action in body

A

Strychnine is a Glycine Receptor Antagonist

Also an antagonist of Ach receptors

Affects motor nerve fibers in the spinal cord which control muscle contraction

Poisoning results in muscular convulsions
Eventual death through asphyxia

Herbs and phytochemicals (10 decks)

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