sterotype & prejudice 2 Flashcards
Suppression of stereotypes & rebound
What is stereotype rebound?
attempts to suppress thoughts can backfire, suppressed thoughts become more salients
Suppression of stereotypes & rebound
How can stereotype rebound be measured?
phase 1 suppress vs. control
phase 2 no suppress instruction
measure the difference
2-process model of suppression
(Ironic Monitoring phase IMP) Automatic process: keeps lookout for anything that might act as a reminder, check info for “danger”
(Intentional operating phase IOP)Controlled process: redirects attention away from unwanted thought
Problem: when conscious control relaxed or cognitive resources depleted, automatic process “floods” the mind with cues (thoughts become hyperaccessible)
synapse model of construct accessibility
As for synapses, the decay over time of the excitation level of a construct following its last activation is slower when the construct has been frequently activated;
Ironic thought monitoring process in suppression leads to frequent activation
results of Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten (1994)
Suppressing a stereotype:
Results in more stereotypical judgments subsequently (Study 1)
Affects subsequent behaviour (Study 2, seating distance)
Results in greater accessibility of stereotype (RT task in Study 3)
How can we explain rebound effects?
heightened accessibility in memory
repetitivepriming of stereotype during supression increases accessibility
theoretic approach include 2-process model and synapse model of construct accessibility
how can we reduce sterotype activation
cognitive retaining
what are the Effects of stereotyping on targets
complex effects on well-being, both + & - effects
impaired performance due to stereotypical threat
Effects on well-being
Main results of Twenge & Crocker (2002) meta-analyses
blacks actually had higher self-esteem than whites
asian showed largest decrement compared to whites
high levels of self-esteem in amongest black did not emerge until after 10years of age and were actually reversed amonst older blacks
Effects on well-being
Coping strategies to protect self-esteem?
attribution outcomes to predujice to protect the self
comparing own outcomes to other ingroup members rather than outgroup
devaluing certain evaluating dimensions
Effects on well-being
Rejection identification model - why can discrimination also have positive effects on well-being? What is the process?
Q: explain again
! Attributing negative outcomes to prejudice can have both negative and positive effects on well-being
Positive outcomes via enhanced identification with stigmatized group
1) desire to belong (“love the one you’re with”)
2) Increase perceived belonging, acceptance, support, well-being, in-group cohesion
Effects on task performance
What is stereotype threat?
stereotype brings about stereotype-consistent behaviour and therefor confirm stereotype
Effects on task performance
Steele & Aronson (1995) study – How did they induce stereotype threat?
Ss: White & African Americans Uni stu, same IQ level
Stereotype used: IQ ability
Task: Verbal reasoning test
Diagnostic condition – Aware IQ is being measured
Non-diagnostic condition – NOT aware IQ is being bemeasured
Effects on task performance
How can these effects be explained?
stereotypes bring about stereotype-consistent behaviour and therefore confirm stereotype
increased anxiety leads to depletion of mental resources, rise in blood sugar and increased activity in emotional procession,
more prevention focus (avoid making mistakes) rather than promotion focus
reduced working memory capacity
lowered expectations reduced self-efficacy beliefs.
Effects on well-being
what does the results of Twenge & Crocker (2002) meta-analyses suggest
o Culture difference.
Individualistic culture: more emphasis on self-expression and enhancement, self esteem is likely to be elevated
Collectivistic culture: more usual to find self-deprecation and a focus on the group’s achievement
i.e., culture influence score on self-esteem scale
cant account for all. E.g., not for overweight
