exclusion

Question 1

Paradigms of social exclusion

Answer 1

main paradigms
1 'Get acquainted' paradigm
2 'life along' paradigm
3 'ball tossing'
4' cyberball'
other paradigns: 
'left out of the online chate 
relive an experience of rejection
scenarios
 virtual reality

Question 2

Overlap social exclusion & physical pain

Eisenberget 2003

Answer 2

in mammalian species, social-attachment system ‘borrowed’ the computations (normal neural pathways) of the brain pain system

Question 3

Effects on behaviour? (Williams’ model)

Answer 3

prosocial responses
antisocial responsess

William Need-threat Model

Question 4

what is the key of William Need-threat Model

Answer 4

the need people want to satisfy under the particular situations determines prosocial or antisocial behaviour

Question 5

what are the 4 stages of William’s model?

Answer 5

stage 1: excluded situation
stage 2: reflexive, painful response to exclusion
stage 3: reflective stage: threats of need for belonging, threat to self-esteem, threat to need for control, threat for meaningful existence
stage 4: reactions:
step 1 guide the individual to strengthen the most threatened needs by response to
a) cognitive appraisal of the situation
b) the source of ostracism
c) the reason of ostracism
d) predisposing inclinations that reflect individual differences residing within the target of ostracism
Step2
a) if relational needs (belonging and self-esteem) are most threatented, ostracized indiciduals will seek to fortyfy these needs by thinking, feeling or behavioing in a relatively prosocial manner
b) if efficacy and existence needs are most threatened, ostracized individuals will attemp to fortyfy these nees, which in many instances may result in controlling provocative, and even antisocial response

Question 6

Williams, Cheung, & Choi (2000)

What did these authors investigate?

Answer 6

ostracism and threat of belonging, self-esteem, emotion, and conformity
Experiment 1 internet study
cyberball: over-inclusion, inclusion, partial inclusion, complete ostracism
Questionnaire: belonging, meaning existence, self-esteem, control, emotions
Result of expt1: %including related liearly to threat to belonging and self-esteem and emotions

Expt 2 additional DV of conformity (similar to Asch)
ostracised participants conformed more to incorrect unanimous judgements of others

Question 7

What was their dependent measure in Study 2?

Answer 7

conformity (link to Asch’s studies on conformity)

Question 8

Warburton et al. (2006)

Establishing control

Answer 8

taste perception expt, random assigned to
IV1 inclusion vs. exclusion (ball tossing)
IV2: restored vs diminished control (use noise to flood sensoty modality before taste perception)
DV more hot sauce drawn to others, more aggressive
Result: people who were previously excluded showed high levels of aggression if they were not allowed to control; if they were allowed to control, same with control group

Question 9

Williams & Sommer (1997)

What does this study demonstrate?

Answer 9

effects of ostracism on social compensation and social loafing

Question 10

What is social loafing?

Answer 10

social loafing is the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

Question 11

Williams & Sommer (1997)

Design and process?

Answer 11

men and women Ss randomly assigned to
IV1 ball tossing (exclusion, inclusion,control)
IV2 Creative task is coavtive (individual scores compared to other Ss) or collective (group scores compared to other groups)

Question 12

Williams & Sommer (1997)

What are the effects of ostracism for men and for women?

Answer 12

ostracized females socially compensated, women more likely to blame themselves
ostracized males socially loafed
men inclusion: work harder in group
men exclusion: work harder individually (but not aggressive)
men control: same with men exclusion
women: no social loafing
women inclusion: no obvious difference
women exlusion: work much harder for the group
women control: work hard for group

Question 13

what is the evidence Overlap social exclusion & physical pain
(Eisenberget 2003)
(

Answer 13

(Eisenberget 2003); Dewall et al 2010
(Eisenberget 2003)
cyberball game while in fMRI scanner
unintentional exlusion, intentional exclusion, inclusion
Results
1) overlapping neural circuits for physcical and social pain (anterior cingulate cortex, neural alarm system)
2) in both intentional and unintentional, activation dorsal ACC (also active for physical pain) –>positively correlated distress
3)right ventral prefrontal cortex (linked to moderating pain responses) elevated activation only during intentional phase –>negatively correlated with distress

Dewall et al 2010
drugs that reduce physical pain also reduce social pain
less pain related activity in dorsal ACC