Stereotyping & Prejudice 1

Question 1

Are stereotypes automatically activated? Evidence?

Answer 1

Dovidio, Evans & Tyler (1986) – effects of priming in processing of stereotypical traits
Devine (1989) - cultural knowledge & stereotype activation among high vs. low-prejudiced people

Question 2

what is paraoveal presentation of stimulus in Devine (1989)

Answer 2

‘Vigilance task’ (Parafoveal priming paradigm) used

a) 80% nonstereotypical words in priming phase (e.g., blues, basketball
b) 20% stereotypical words in priming phase (e.g., Negroes, Africa, ghetto)

Question 3

The role of cognitive resources in stereotyping

How can the role of resources be examined?

Answer 3

dual task paradigm
cognitive business Gilbert & Hixon (1991)
automatic and control Macrae, Milne & Bodenhausen (1994)

Question 4

What is a dual-task paradigm?

Answer 4

priming task + distractor task (resource consuming task)

Question 5

What is cognitive busyness and how can it be experimentally created?

Answer 5

using dual task paradigm

Manipulated cognitive busyness at both activation stage and application stage (late busy group applied stereotype)

Question 6

Q: difference activation vs. application, experiments

Answer 6

1. Activation: whether the stereotype is activated
2. Application: whether we have opportunity to use this stereotype

Gilbert & Hixon (1991)
Study 1: examined only activation of stereotype
Cognitively busy Ps did not activate the stereotype
Study 2: examined application of stereotype (judgments of Asian confederate)
Manipulated cognitive busyness at both activation stage and application stage (late busy group applied stereotype)

Question 7

Macrae, Milne & Bodenhausen (1994)

Do stereotypes really preserve resources?

Answer 7

Priming outside of conscious awareness, but should still facilitate processing of associated information

Question 8

Macrae, Milne & Bodenhausen (1994)

Does presenting a category label during impression formation affect performance on an additional cognitive task? How?

Answer 8

i. When Traits & label consistent  Better recallstereotypes activated
ii. Because the label activates stereotypes, and relevant traits are more readily to be processed