Gender exceptionality

Question 1

How is gender different from other groups?

Answer 1

(intimacy, highly interactive)

Highly interactive compared to other inter-group relations
Families comprise both men and women
Both necessary for reproduction
Heterosexual marriage is institutionalized in many cultures
Like other groups, however, one is dominant over the other
“Patriarchy”: Male dominance

Question 2

Implications of Gender exceptionality

?

Answer 2

(benevolent prejudice)

Question 3

What are the two components of Ambivalent sexism?

Answer 3

Hostile Sexism & Benevolent Sexism

1. Hostile Sexism: negative, resentful beliefs about a woman’s abilities
2. Benevolent Sexism: affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the belief that women need and deserve protection

Question 4

Objectification theory

Answer 4

1. Beauty
   Woman as pure, virtuous object
   Cultural standards include being young, skinny, and having “whiteness.”
2. Beast
   Woman as animal
   Negative connotations含义, even taboo, associated with natural body

Question 5

What is self-objectification?

Answer 5

Dissociating one’s self from one’s body

Women internalize cultural messages that their bodies are objects to be consumed by men; as a result, their bodies become object in their own minds

Question 6

What consequences does self-objectifications have?

Answer 6

(e.g., attentional resources depleted, body shame)

Body shame, produces restrained eating
consume attentional resources
decreased ability to concentrate on important tasks
Negative psychological outcomes including depression and anxiety
Sexual dysfunction

Question 7

Frederickson studies on math performance and restrained eating

Answer 7

Ss try on a swimsuit or sweater alone and then complete questionnaire + math test( study2)
self- objectification produces body shame, which in turn predicts restrained eating (Study 1 &2)
self objectification diminishes math performance (study 2)
the emotional and behavioural consequences of self-objectification will be evident for women only (not for men) (study 2)

Question 8

Becker et al three studies each about

Answer 8

study 1：Gender that received help (M,F) *Reaction(accept, reject,control)on warmth and competence
study 2: observer’s own belief (esp enforsement or rejection of BS) will affect how they perceive patronising help offers and the target’s reactions
study 3: confronting help & hireability

Question 9

Becker et al study result of 3 studies

Answer 9

study 1
those receiving help: both MF lose perceived competence, ONLY women lose perceived warmth if refusing,
those offer help: M help offers perceived as more competent and warmer

study 2
observer’s own belief (esp their enforsement or rejection of BS) will affect how they perceive patroninsing help offers and the target’s reactions
the higher BS, the more positively they reward’traditional women’(accept help) the more negative they reward ‘nontraditional women; (reject help)
no matter the level of BS, always view women less competent when accepting help

study 3
women can gain perceived competence and suitability for a high status job by confronting patronising men’s help
but the cost is penalty of being viewed as less warm and more negative (violate traditional image of women)