Prosocial behaviour Flashcards
What is the bystander effect? (review PS1001) Latane & Darley’s model of bystander apathy What are the processes involved? Diffusion of responsibility Audience inhibition (fear of social blunders) Social influence (others model for action) The role of social learning/socialization How do children learn to be helpful? Social learning theory & modelling The role of positive & negative reinforcements What is the role of the media? Learning by doing: self-perception
What is the bystander effect?
the likelihood of any one person helping in an emergency situation decrease as the number of other bystanders increase
Latane & Darley’s model of bystander apathy
5 step model
- noticing the event
- consider whether it is emergency
- deciding on type of personal responsibility
- deciding on the specific mode of intevention
- implementing the chosen intervention
What are the processes involved?
Diffusion of responsibility
Pluralistic ignorance (interprete as nonemergency when see people around do nothing)
Audience inhibition (fear of social blunders and embarassment)
Status of bystanders (others model for action, people believe in experts and dont want to protest)
Status of victim (similarity, gender)
The role of social learning/socialization
-How do children learn to be helpful?
children are more helpful when:
1 when they are praised after a helping behaviour
2 when they alway watch someone else helping
3 when they watch more TV about helping
4 when their self-perception is promotes after they helped someone
The role of positive & negative reinforcements in prosocial behaviour
when children are affectively praised after a helping behaviour, they are more likely to help again
the role of Social learning theory & modelling in prosocial behaviour
watching someone else helping increases likelihood of helping
role of the media in the development of prosocial behaviour
more Media exposure of prosocial behaviour leads to more likelihood of helping
what is Learning by doing: self-perception
helpful actions promote the self-perception that one is caring and helpful, which in turn promotes further helping.
evidence: children playing ‘prosocial’ video games were mroe likely to help than those playing ‘violent’ video games
What is altruism?
a motive to increase another’s welfatre without conscious regard for one’s self-interests
What role does empathy play?
empathy-altruism hypothsis suggests that empathy evokes altruistic motivation
study of Dovidio, Allen and Schroeder 1990 further confirmed that altruistically motiated helping does occur as a result of empathizing with the person in need, also deny the negative-state-relief model
empathy concern relate to a different problem and general feeling of empathic concern did not predic helping behaviour
Cognitive dissonance theory
when behaviour and outcome are inconsistent, we tend to rationalize and mediate our behaviour
Cognitive dissonance theory
what is Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) experiment about
Ss did a long and boring experiment and received either $1 or $20, then ask how much they like the experiment.
need for consistency between attitudes and behaviours
Cognitive dissonance theory
how do you explain the result of Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) experiment?
need for consistency between attitudes and behaviours
a) $20 serves as justification for participating in experiment so their attitudes and behaviours are consistent
b) $1 is not enough justification, attitude and behaviour are inconsistent. when behaviour conflicts with attitude, we are likely to rationalize our behaviour
