steroid hormone dysregulation and male reproductive health W8 Flashcards

1
Q

smallest branches of uterine arteries that span the endometrium? what causes them to constrict?

A

spiral arteries
withdrawal of progesterone causes them to constrict

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2
Q

which cells proliferate in response to rising estradiol levels

A

endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)

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3
Q

when do ESCs differentiate and what do they differentiate into? what is this process called?

A

ESCs differentiate following ovulation (in response to progesterone)
differentiate into secretory cells
this process is called decidualisation

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4
Q

what accompanies inflammatory response in endometrium?

A

massive natural killer cell proliferation and activation

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5
Q

what can disturbance of endometrial receptivity cause?

A

endometrial functional inadequacy causing:
-implantation failure
-pregnancy loss
-gynaecological disorders

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6
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

growth of endometrial tissue outside uterus (mainly on pelvic tissue)

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7
Q

endometriosis features?

A

chronic inflammation
severe pain
infertility

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8
Q

pathophysiology of endometriosis?

A

retrograde menstruation - backward efflux of menstrual debris through fallopian tubes into pelvic cavity
inflammatory processes inhibit apoptosis of endometrial cells and promote their adhesion and proliferation
promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis

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9
Q

what is endometriosis characterised by?

A

ER-beta overexpression and reduced PR expression

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10
Q

hormone-dependant female cancers - how do these occur?

A

endogenous and exogenous hormones drive cell proliferation. presents the opportunity for accumulation of random genetic errors

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11
Q

breast cancer pathophysiology?

A

estrogens promote proliferation of breast epithelium
estrogen signalling requires ERs (both implicated in breast cancer progression)
PR-beta signalling can also contribute to breast cancer cell proliferation in response to progesterone

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12
Q

endometrial cancer pathophysiology?

A

excess estrogens and lack of progesterone affect endometrial proliferation and cell survival.
results in increasing the risk of epithelial cell transformation/carcinogenesis

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13
Q

risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

obesity (adipose tissue can synthesise estrogens)
HRT (with estrogen as only hormone)
breast cancer treatment with tamoxifen (partial ER agonist)
loss of progesterone (due to anovulation)

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14
Q

ovarian cancer pathophysiology?

A

transformation of surface epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells.
estradiol stimulates proliferation of ovarian cancer cells
progesterone enhancers ovarian cancer cell apoptosis

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