Fundamentals W1

Question 1

right/left handed link to cerebral dominance?

Answer 1

right handed individuals - left hemisphere almost always dominant
left handed individuals - right side dominant 50% of time

Question 2

which lobes in the brain have a dominant and non-dominant side?

Answer 2

parietal and temporal lobes have non-dominant and dominant sides

Question 3

functions of the frontal lobes?

Answer 3

executive function
movement
behaviour
planning

Question 4

areas of frontal lobes

Answer 4

primary and supplementary motor cortex
specialised areas for control of eye movements speech, micturition

Question 5

what is disinhibition?

Answer 5

inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour

Question 6

what is contralateral hemiparesis

Answer 6

one-sided muscle weakness on side of body opposite to brain injury

Question 7

what is versive head movements

Answer 7

forced involuntary sustained movements of the head

Question 8

frontal release signs meaning?

Answer 8

primitive reflexes

Question 9

frontal lobe - cognitive/behavioural effects of damage?

Answer 9

disinhibition
lack of initiation
antisocial behaviour
impaired memory
expressive dysphasia
incontinence

Question 10

frontal lobe - associated physical signs from damage?

Answer 10

impaired smell
contralateral hemiparesis
frontal release signs

Question 11

frontal lobe - positive phenomena effects of damage?

Answer 11

seizures (often nocturnal with motor activity)
versive head movements

Question 12

parietal lobes function?

Answer 12

integrates sensory perception, language, numeracy

Question 13

parietal lobes types?

Answer 13

dominant and non-dominant

Question 14

what is the non-dominant parietal lobe associated with?

Answer 14

spatial awareness, orientation and constructional skills

Question 15

what can damage of the dominant parietal lobe lead to? (cognitive/behavioural)

Answer 15

dysphasia
acalculia
dyslexia
apraxia
agnosia

Question 16

what can damage of the non-dominant parietal lobe lead to? (cognitive/behavioural)

Answer 16

neglect of contralateral side
spatial disorientation
constructional apraxia
dressing apraxia

Question 17

what is agnosia?

Answer 17

inability to recognise and identify objects/persons/sounds

Question 18

what is acalculia?

Answer 18

acquired disorder in calculation abilities

Question 19

what is apraxia?

Answer 19

loss of ability to carry out skilled movement and gestures despite having the physical ability to perform them

Question 20

damage to parietal lobe - associated physical signs?

Answer 20

contralateral hemisensory loss
astereognosis
agraphaesthesia
contralateral homonymous lower quadrantanopia

Question 21

damage to parietal lobe - positive phenomena?

Answer 21

focal sensory seizures

Question 22

temporal lobes functions?

Answer 22

memory, language functions, verbal comprehension, primary auditory complex, primary vestibular complex, musical processing?

Question 23

temporal lobes - which side plays which role in musical processing?

Answer 23

dominant side - rhythm
non-dominant - melody/pitch

Question 24

cognitive/behavioural effects of damage to dominant temporal lobe?

Answer 24

receptive aphasia
dyslexia
impaired verbal memory

Question 25

cognitive/behavioural effects of damage to non-dominant temporal lobe?

Answer 25

impaired non-verbal memory impaired musical skills (tonal perception)

Question 26

associated physical signs to damage of temporal lobe?

Answer 26

contralateral homonymous upper quadrantanopia

Question 27

positive phenomena associated with damage to temporal lobes?

Answer 27

complex hallucinations (smell, sound, vision, memory)

Question 28

occipital lobes function?

Answer 28

visual interpretation

Question 29

result of damage to occipital lobe - associated physical signs?

Answer 29

homonymous hemianopia

Question 30

what is homonymous hemianopia?

Answer 30

field loss deficit in the same halves of the visual field of each eye

Question 31

result of damage to the occipital lobes - cognitive/behavioural?

Answer 31

visual inattention, visual loss, visual agnosia

Question 32

result of damage to occipital lobe - positive phenomena?

Answer 32

simple visual hallucinations

Question 33

sensory homunculi - middle to lateral?

Answer 33

leg-arm-face-teeth-tongue

Question 34

motor homunculi - middle to lateral?

Answer 34

toes-knee-trunk-arm-neck-face-tongue

Question 35

what are basal ganglia concerned with?

Answer 35

motor control

Question 36

what is the thalamus responsible for?

Answer 36

level of attention to sensory perception

Question 37

what is the limbic system concerned with

Answer 37

emotion and memory

Question 38

what is the hypothalamus responsible for

Answer 38

homeostasis - eg temperature, appetite control

Question 39

what is found deep to the grey matter in the cortices and the white matter

Answer 39

basal ganglia thalamus limbic system hypothalamus

Question 40

which nerves does the brainstem mostly house

Answer 40

cranial nerves (nuclei and projections)

Question 41

what do cranial nerve nuclei provide motor control to

Answer 41

muscles of head (inc face and eyes)

Question 42

what do cranial nerve nuclei coordinate

Answer 42

sensory input from the special sense organs and the face, nose, mouth, larynx and pharynx

Question 43

reticular formation function?

Answer 43

control of conjugate eye movements, maintenance of balance and arousal, cardiorespiratory control

Question 44

cerebellum - which half controls which side of body?

Answer 44

right controls right, left controls left

Question 45

cerebellum functions?

Answer 45

finetune and coordinate movements initiated by motor cortex involved in planning and learning of skilled movements controls smoothness of eye movements, accuracy of limb movement, distance of targets, rapid regularly alternating movements, coordination of gait and posture

Question 46

descending tracts in the spinal cord? sensory or motor?

Answer 46

lateral corticospinal tract motor

Question 47

ascending tracts in the spinal cord? motor or sensory?

Answer 47

dorsal columns lateral spinothalamic tract ventral spinothalamic tract sensory

Question 48

dorsal columns function?

Answer 48

fine touch proprioception vibration

Question 49

lateral spinothalamic tract function?

Answer 49

pain, temperature

Question 50

ventral spinothalamic tract function?

Answer 50

light touch