Fundamentals W1 Flashcards
right/left handed link to cerebral dominance?
right handed individuals - left hemisphere almost always dominant
left handed individuals - right side dominant 50% of time
which lobes in the brain have a dominant and non-dominant side?
parietal and temporal lobes have non-dominant and dominant sides
functions of the frontal lobes?
executive function
movement
behaviour
planning
areas of frontal lobes
primary and supplementary motor cortex
specialised areas for control of eye movements speech, micturition
what is disinhibition?
inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour
what is contralateral hemiparesis
one-sided muscle weakness on side of body opposite to brain injury
what is versive head movements
forced involuntary sustained movements of the head
frontal release signs meaning?
primitive reflexes
frontal lobe - cognitive/behavioural effects of damage?
disinhibition
lack of initiation
antisocial behaviour
impaired memory
expressive dysphasia
incontinence
frontal lobe - associated physical signs from damage?
impaired smell
contralateral hemiparesis
frontal release signs
frontal lobe - positive phenomena effects of damage?
seizures (often nocturnal with motor activity)
versive head movements
parietal lobes function?
integrates sensory perception, language, numeracy
parietal lobes types?
dominant and non-dominant
what is the non-dominant parietal lobe associated with?
spatial awareness, orientation and constructional skills
what can damage of the dominant parietal lobe lead to? (cognitive/behavioural)
dysphasia
acalculia
dyslexia
apraxia
agnosia
what can damage of the non-dominant parietal lobe lead to? (cognitive/behavioural)
neglect of contralateral side
spatial disorientation
constructional apraxia
dressing apraxia
what is agnosia?
inability to recognise and identify objects/persons/sounds
what is acalculia?
acquired disorder in calculation abilities
what is apraxia?
loss of ability to carry out skilled movement and gestures despite having the physical ability to perform them
damage to parietal lobe - associated physical signs?
contralateral hemisensory loss
astereognosis
agraphaesthesia
contralateral homonymous lower quadrantanopia
damage to parietal lobe - positive phenomena?
focal sensory seizures
temporal lobes functions?
memory, language functions, verbal comprehension, primary auditory complex, primary vestibular complex, musical processing?
temporal lobes - which side plays which role in musical processing?
dominant side - rhythm
non-dominant - melody/pitch
cognitive/behavioural effects of damage to dominant temporal lobe?
receptive aphasia
dyslexia
impaired verbal memory
cognitive/behavioural effects of damage to non-dominant temporal lobe?
impaired non-verbal memory
impaired musical skills (tonal perception)
associated physical signs to damage of temporal lobe?
contralateral homonymous upper quadrantanopia
positive phenomena associated with damage to temporal lobes?
complex hallucinations (smell, sound, vision, memory)
occipital lobes function?
visual interpretation
result of damage to occipital lobe - associated physical signs?
homonymous hemianopia
what is homonymous hemianopia?
field loss deficit in the same halves of the visual field of each eye
result of damage to the occipital lobes - cognitive/behavioural?
visual inattention, visual loss, visual agnosia
result of damage to occipital lobe - positive phenomena?
simple visual hallucinations
sensory homunculi - middle to lateral?
leg-arm-face-teeth-tongue
motor homunculi - middle to lateral?
toes-knee-trunk-arm-neck-face-tongue
what are basal ganglia concerned with?
motor control
what is the thalamus responsible for?
level of attention to sensory perception
what is the limbic system concerned with
emotion and memory
what is the hypothalamus responsible for
homeostasis - eg temperature, appetite control
what is found deep to the grey matter in the cortices and the white matter
basal ganglia
thalamus
limbic system
hypothalamus
which nerves does the brainstem mostly house
cranial nerves (nuclei and projections)
what do cranial nerve nuclei provide motor control to
muscles of head (inc face and eyes)
what do cranial nerve nuclei coordinate
sensory input from the special sense organs and the face, nose, mouth, larynx and pharynx
reticular formation function?
control of conjugate eye movements, maintenance of balance and arousal, cardiorespiratory control
cerebellum - which half controls which side of body?
right controls right, left controls left
cerebellum functions?
finetune and coordinate movements initiated by motor cortex
involved in planning and learning of skilled movements
controls smoothness of eye movements, accuracy of limb movement, distance of targets, rapid regularly alternating movements, coordination of gait and posture
descending tracts in the spinal cord? sensory or motor?
lateral corticospinal tract
motor
ascending tracts in the spinal cord? motor or sensory?
dorsal columns
lateral spinothalamic tract
ventral spinothalamic tract
sensory
dorsal columns function?
fine touch
proprioception
vibration
lateral spinothalamic tract function?
pain, temperature
ventral spinothalamic tract function?
light touch
