Alzheimer's W2

Question 1

most common causes of dementia?

Answer 1

Alzheimer’s disease (60-70%)
vascular dementia (10-20%)
frontotemporal dementia (10%)

Question 2

parietal lobe cognitive symptoms?

Answer 2

apraxia - impairment of visuospatial and motor abilities
dyslexia
dyscalculia

Question 3

frontal lobe cognitive symptoms?

Answer 3

executive dysfunction (complex tasks, planning ahead)
altered behaviour, personality
expressive dysphasia (problems with expressive aspects of language)

Question 4

temporal lobe cognitive symptoms?

Answer 4

mood changes
episodic memory loss
agnosia
prosopagnosia (familiar faces)
receptive dysphasia (difficulty comprehending language)

Question 5

cause of alterations of behaviour and personality

Answer 5

degeneration of prefrontal cortex

Question 6

causes of mood changes

Answer 6

amygdala damage

Question 7

causes of episodic memory loss

Answer 7

hippocampal atrophy

Question 8

which lobes does Alzheimer’s typically affect

Answer 8

temporal and parietal

Question 9

commonest form of motor neuron disease?

Answer 9

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

Question 10

which areas does ALS affect

Answer 10

motor strip in frontal lobes, brain stem

Question 11

which areas does lewy body dementia affect

Answer 11

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem

Question 12

which areas does parkinsons disease affect

Answer 12

midbrain, basal ganglia

Question 13

which areas does MS affect

Answer 13

CNS, brainstem, spinal cord

Question 14

ADLs meaning and examples

Answer 14

activities of daily living
feeding, personal care, eating, dressing, toileting

Question 15

Alzheimer’s onset?

Answer 15

gradual onset

Question 16

Alzheimer’s symptoms?

Answer 16

deficits in
short term memory
language
praxis
visuospatial
executive functioning

Question 17

mean disease duration in Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 17

5-15 years

Question 18

what is anosognosia?

Answer 18

lack of recognition of disease

Question 19

pathophysiology of alzheimers? - 1

Answer 19

abnormal insoluble amyloid protein fragments

intracellular deposition of tau

Question 20

pathophysiology of Alzheimers? -2

Answer 20

amyloid plaques
neurofibrillar tangles
brain atrophy

Question 21

factors that contribute towards Alzheimer’s pathophysiologically?

Answer 21

mitochondrial dysfunction
TAU hyper-phosphorylation
amyloid plaques
cholinergicinsufficiency
hormonal imbalance
oxidative stress
neuro-inflammation

Question 22

what features do atrophied parts of the brain in Alzheimer’s have?

Answer 22

memory
language
behaviour and personality

Question 23

structured multi-domain tests for cognitive assessment?

Answer 23

ACE-III
MoCA
ECAS
MMSE
Cantab mobile

Question 24

domain specific cognitive assessments?

Answer 24

verbal/category fluency
clock drawing
immediate recall

Question 25

early disease features of Alzheimer’s (2-3 yrs after diagnosis)

Answer 25

memory, visual-spatial deficits, mild problems with executive functioning

Question 26

moderately severe stage of alzheimers features? (3-6 yrs after diagnosis)

Answer 26

aphasia and apraxia
increased assistance with ADLs
neuropsych symptoms (paranoia)

Question 27

advanced stage features of alzheimers? (6-12 yrs after diagnosis)

Answer 27

language disturbances
agitation and aggression
muscle rigidity, gait disturbances, incontinence, swallowing problems

Question 28

memory enhancing drugs?

Answer 28

cholinesterase inhibitors - inhibit breakdown in acetylcholine, therefore more available to stimulate neurons