neuroinflammation beyond MS W5

Question 1

4 neuroinflammatory diseases other than MS?

Answer 1

Transverse myelitis
Acute disseminating encephalomyelitis
autoimmune encephalitis
neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Question 2

where does inflammation occur in transverse myelitis?

Answer 2

inflammation in transverse myelitis occurs in the spinal cord only.

Question 3

presentation of transverse myelitis

Answer 3

subacute onset of:
-paraparesis
-pain
-loss of sensation up to level marking inflammation

Question 4

transverse myelitis MRI features

Answer 4

inflammation of spinal cord shows as hyperintense white in spinal cord itself

Question 5

what could transverse myelitis symptoms also be caused by? how is this differentiated?

Answer 5

external compressive lesions.
hyperintense white in spinal cord differentiates transverse myelitis from this.

Question 6

acute disseminating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) features

Answer 6

inflammation of brain or spinal cord or both
lesions similar in shape and location to MS

Question 7

features of acute disseminating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) lesions? what makes these different from MS lesions?

Answer 7

adjacent to ventricles, round/oval shape.
much larger than typical MS lesions

Question 8

symptoms of acute disseminating encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Answer 8

focal brain and spinal cord symptoms corresponding to location of lesion.
acute symptoms indicating oedema in brain (inc. pressure leads to headache, vomiting, fever, seizures, coma, delirium)

Question 9

autoimmune encephalitis subtypes?

Answer 9

Limbic encephalitis (targets hippocampus)
encephalitis associated with MNDA receptor antibodies

Question 10

limbic encephalitis symptoms?

Answer 10

memory impairment
emotional and behavioural disturbance
seizures (fast brief movements of patients arm and face)

Question 11

what type of disorder can autoimmune encephalitis be

Answer 11

paraneoplastic disorder (disorder associated with malignancy)

Question 12

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMO) presentation

Answer 12

painful blurred loss of vision in episodes of optic neuritis
paraparesis/tetraparesis
hiccups and vomiting (rarer)

Question 13

where does inflammation occur in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMO)?

Answer 13

NMO causes inflammation of optic nerve, brain stem and area postrema (causing hiccups and vomiting)

Question 14

neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMO) is associated with antibodies to which cell types? which is most common?

Answer 14

astrocytes (aquaporin-4) (most common)
oligodendrocytes (MOG)