cerebellar syndromes W3 Flashcards
what does the cerebellum have connections to
brainstem
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
what connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
what do midline cerebellar lesions result in
imbalance throughout whole body
what do cerebellar lesions only affecting one hemisphere result in
ipsilateral incoordination
causes of sudden onset cerebellar problems?
stroke
haemorrhage
causes of cerebellar syndromes? (general categories)
vascular
inflammatory
neoplastic
toxic/trauma
metabolic
infectious
congenital
inherited
degenerative
drugs
vascular causes of cerebellar syndromes?
stroke (infarct or haemorrhage)
TIA
inflammatory causes of cerebellar syndromes?
multiple sclerosis
neoplastic causes of cerebellar syndromes?
primary tumors
secondary tumors
paraneoplastic phenomena
toxic/trauma causes of cerebellar syndromes?
alcohol
metabolic causes of cerebellar syndromes?
hypoglycaemia
hypoxia
hypothyroidism
thiamine deficiency
infectious causes of cerebellar syndromes?
bacterial (eg meningio-encephalitis)
viral (eg HIV)
parasitic (rare)
aetiology of cerebellar disorders - acute onset?
infarction or haemorrhage
aetiology of cerebellar disorders - sub-acute (hrs to days)
inflammatory causes - most commonly MS
viral - pyrexia, dysarthria, limb and gait ataxia
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
alcohol
hydrocephalus
tumours
abscesses
what particularly causes paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
carcinomas of ovaries and lung
what group are viral causes of cerebellar disorders most common in
children
ataxia meaning?
term for group of disorders affecting co-ordination, balance and speech
causes of episodic ataxias?
drugs - anticonvulsants, antineoplastic drugs
TIAs - posterior cerebral circulation
foramen magnum compression
inherited
chronic progressive ataxias?
chronic alcohol excess
malnutrition
drugs
structural lesions
inherited
degenerative (eg multiple system atrophy)
acquired mechanisms of cerebellar disorders
vascular/structural lesions
infectious
substrate deficiency (vitamins)
toxin/drug induced
genetic mechanisms of cerebellar disorders
autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1-49
autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA)
episodic ataxia
mitochondrial ataxia
X-linked ataxia
sporadic mechanisms of cerebellar disorders
idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia
multiple system atrophy
cerebellar disorders symptoms?
difficulties with rate, rhythm, and force of limb movements gait and speech
DANISH mnemonic
DANISH?
Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Scanning dysarthria
Heel-shin ataxia
Ataxia meaning?
inco-ordination of voluntary movements, includes dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesis meaning?
inability to perform rapid alternating movements, especially of the limbs
Nystagmus meaning?
rapid involuntary movement of the eyes
Intention tremor meaning?
tremor exacerbated by voluntary goal-directed movements
Scanning dysarthria meaning?
jerky, sometimes explosive, slurred speech, with difficulties maintaining rate, rhythm and force (results in separated syllables)
dysmetria meaning?
inability to accurately judge distance leading to over or undershooting of targets and unsteady gait
Heel-shin ataxia meaning?
rubbing heel against shin is uncoordinated
