other common dementias W2

Question 1

vascular dementia - what percentage of all dementia cases?

Answer 1

10-40%

Question 2

behavioural symptoms of vascular dementia?

Answer 2

memory loss
slowed thinking
depression
anxiety

Question 3

locomotor problems of vascular dementia

Answer 3

gait disturbance
dysarthria
autonomic dysfunction

Question 4

loss of executive function in vascular dementia?

Answer 4

problem solving
working memory
judgement
reasoning

Question 5

risk factors for vascular dementia?

Answer 5

diabetes
hypertension
metabolic syndrome
age
stroke
genetic factors

Question 6

vascular dementia treatment?

Answer 6

focused on risk factors, no direct treatment

Question 7

frontotemporal dementia age of onset?

Answer 7

45-65 years

Question 8

frontotemporal dementia symptoms?

Answer 8

behaviour and personality changes
progressive memory problems
language impairment
can be associated with motor deficits

Question 9

inheritance type and rate in frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 9

autosomal dominant inheritance in 10-15%

Question 10

affected proteins in frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 10

Tau or TDP 43

Question 11

subtypes of frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 11

bv FTD and FTD-MND

progressive non-fluent aphasia

semantic dementia

Question 12

bvFTD and FTD-MND symptoms?

Answer 12

disinhibition, compulsive or perseverative behaviour, apathy, emotional bluntness
extrapyramidal signs common
MND develops in up to 15%

Question 13

progressive non-fluent aphasia symptoms?

Answer 13

reduced speech production

Question 14

semantic dementia symptoms?

Answer 14

difficulty understanding words, recognising objects

Question 15

dementia with lewy bodies is on a continuum with what?

Answer 15

parkinsons disease

Question 16

pathophysiology of dementia with lewy bodies?

Answer 16

deposition of lewy bodies (abnormal protein deposits) throughout cortex and brain stem

Question 17

difference between symptoms - dementia with lewy bodies vs parkinsons?

Answer 17

DLB - more prominent cognitive symptoms early on
parkinsons - more prominent motor symptoms early on

Question 18

what protein are lewy bodies composed of?

Answer 18

alpha-synuclein

Question 19

symtoms of DLB?

Answer 19

visual hallucinations
issues with movement
poor regulation of body functions
confusion, memory loss
sleep disorders
mood changes (depression)

Question 20

treatable causes of cognitive impairment/dementia?

Answer 20

drug toxicity
metabolic disturbance
autoimmune/paraneoplastic encephalopathies
mass lesion (tumour, chronic subdural)
infectious process (meningitis, syphilis)
inflammatory disorders
endocrine disorders
nutritional disease

Question 21

rapidly progressive dementias types?

Answer 21

autoimmune encephalitis
prion diseases
paraneoplastic syndromes
post-viral encephalitis
rare cases of typical dementias

Question 22

dementia history taking?

Answer 22

patients may forget problems or have no insight
collateral history from caregiver/spouse
clues include repetitive questioning, list writing, losing items

Question 23

general and neurological examination for dementia

Answer 23

general neurological examination
cognitive screening tests
exclusion of reversible causes
neuroimaging

Question 24

screening tests for dementia?

Answer 24

Addenbrooke’s cognitive assessment (ACE-III)
mini-mental state examination (MMSE)
Clock drawing test (CDT)
mini-cog
time and change
7-minute screen