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STEP 1 > STEP 1 Week 6 > Flashcards

STEP 1 Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Deep peroneal nerve, anterior tibial a and v

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2
Q

SX of hereditary. hemorrhagic telangectasia

A

Telangectasias, recurrent epistaxis, visceral organ AVMs (GI bleeding, lung shunts, liver)

Autosomal dominant impairment of TGF-B

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3
Q

Impact of AchE inhibitors on Alzheimers

A

Improve symptoms but are not neuroprotective so no change in disease course

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4
Q

Impact of proteasome blocking

A

Leads to aggregation of ubiquinated misfolded proteins that leads to cell apoptosis - good for multiple myeloma

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5
Q

What is a longterm complication of hookworm infection

A

Microcytic anemia - from blood loss

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6
Q

How to find attributable risk

A

(risk in exposed - risk in unexposed)/(Risk in exposed)

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7
Q

What causes visual changes and headaches with preeclampsia

A

Widespread endothelial dysfunction leads to vasospasm

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8
Q

What is a subgaleal hemorrhage

A

Bleeding between the periosteum and galea apaneurosis due to breaking of emissery veins

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9
Q

What is CD56

A

Neural cell adhesion molecule - would stain for neural cell tumors

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10
Q

MOA of imiquimod

A

Antiviral and antiproliferative

Activates toll-like receptor 7 and upregulates NF-kB which helps to trigger immune response

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11
Q

How to diagnose botulism

A

CLinical and also presence of toxin or spores in stool

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12
Q

Chronic lymphadema predisposes for what

A

Angiosarcoma - inflitration of dermis with slit-like vascular infiltratin, see violascous nodules

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13
Q

How can placental abruption cause DIC

A

Abruption causes decisdual damage and ischemia. which triggers tissue factor release - tissue factor

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14
Q

What is the MOA of triptans

A

Stimulate trigeminovascular serotonin receptors

5-hydroxytriptamine 1B/1D agonists that bind to serotonin receptors and prevent the release of CGRP

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15
Q

Supplementation with what would help DNA synthesis in a folate deficiency

A

Thymidine

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16
Q

What artery runs with the radial nerve in the upper humerus

A

Deep brachial artery

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17
Q

What do mushroom toxins inhibit

A

RNA polymerase II - mRNA synthesis

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18
Q

What is cerebral amyloid angiopathy

A

B-amyloid deposits in small to medium size cerebral arteries that causes recurrent hemorrhages, often in occipital and parietal regions

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19
Q

What muscle controls the TMJ

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle

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20
Q

Why does expiratory flow rate increase in interstitial lung diseases

A

The fibrosis pulls open the airways (radial traction) that leads to a reduction in airflow resistance out of the lung

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21
Q

What are councilman bodies

A

Seen in Hepatitis and yellow fever - caused by apoptotic cells

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22
Q

How does JAK2 work

A

It is an cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinase - phosphorylates the erythropoetin receptor that then triggers STAT to go to nucleus

23
Q

What is myositis ossificans

A

A benign formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle

Caused by severe trauma - painful firm, mobile mass

Looks like outer layer of bone and inner layer of fibroblasts

24
Q

What is procalcitonin

A

It is a precursor to calcitonin and serves as a acute phase reactant

Rises when there is a bacterial infection, falls when there is a viral infection

25
Q

What can nitrate OD cause

A

Methemaglobinemia

26
Q

How does an increase in triglycerides lead to pancreatitis

A

Triglycerides usually are bound to albumin but when they are high they exceed the capacity and cause direct damage to pancreatic acinar cells

27
Q

What would a bronchus obstruction look like on X-ray

A

The obstruction leads to atelectasis which causes the trachea to shift to the affected side

Loss of radioluscent air and shift of organs causes opacities

28
Q

What happens to myocytes with age

A

Decreased number, so the remaining myocytes hypertrophy to maintain EF (concentric hypertrophy)

29
Q

What is a glomus tumor

A

Tumor of glomus cells - vascualr formation that helps to regulate skin temperature

Bluish and under the nail

30
Q

What is latanoprost

A

Prostoglandin analog used in glaucoma to increase the outflow of aqueous humor

31
Q

Why do calcium channel blockers not affect skeletal muscle

A

They are not dependent on extracellular calcium for contraction

32
Q

Best indicators for liver disease prognosis

A

Albumin levels, PT (coag factors made in liver)

33
Q

What is the weakest point of the male urethra

A

Membranous

34
Q

What is sick sinus syndrome

A

COmes from age related degeneration of the SA node

Will get bradychardia with a dropped p waves and escape beats where the AV node fires alone - narrow QRS with no P

35
Q

Age related renal changes

A

Reduced number of glomeruli - lower GFR and creatine clearance

Reduced renal blood flow

Reduced response to hormones

36
Q

How does a pancreatic pseudocyst form

A

Acute pancreatitis can cause leaking of pancreatic enzymes outside of the pancreas. This causes inflammation of other oragans and leads to granulation tissue formation around the fluid - fibrotic wall

37
Q

MOA of epinephrine for anaphylaxis

A

Binds B2 receptors on mast cells and stops degrnulation

Binds a1, B1, and B2 receptors - less vasodilation and vascular permeability, increased cardiac output, bronchodilation

38
Q

What happens to FRC in lung collapse (atelectasis, no surfactant)

A

Lower FRC - the lung collapses so residual volume falls

39
Q

At what rib level does the right lung stop

A

8th rib - 2 above where the pleura stops

40
Q

What structures are in the poorly perfused peripheral compartment

A

Skeletal muscle

Bone

Fat

41
Q

Other cancer risk with hereditary retinoblastoma

A

Sarcomas - like osteosarcoma

42
Q

What kind of hemolysis does lupus cause

A

Extravascular - IgG autoantibodies against RBCs form that are then targeted by macrophages in the spleen

43
Q

How does total resistance change going down the airways

A

Small increase and then steady decrease

44
Q

How to treat drug induce parkinsonism

A

Benztropine - anticholinergic

45
Q

Actions of deep fibular vs common fibular nerve

A

Common - sensory over dorsum of foot, foot eversion and dorsifelxion. Injury at neck of fubula

Deep - foor dorsiflexion and sensory between big toe. Anterior compartment syndrome

46
Q

What causes neuromuscular weakness in critical disease

A

Atrophy of myofibers

Axonal degeneration due to inflammation

47
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism with high TSH in infants

A

If the mother was taking an antithyroid medicine like PTU

48
Q

What is. used in a STEMI to break up a clot

A

Fibrinolytics - tPa and analogs (altaplase, tenecteplase)

49
Q

Most common complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

vasospasm from vasoconstricter release from damaged erythrocytes that causes ischemia

50
Q

Medications that cause long QT

A
51
Q

How do opiates work

A

Block calcium influx on primary nerves and cause potassium eflex from secondary nerves

52
Q

What does a leukomoid reaction look like on smear

A

Basophilic oval inclusions in mature neutrophils

53
Q

What are the signs of hemolytic anemia

A

Spherocytes (IgG binds to RBC and some cytoplasm is taken off in spleen)

Reticulocytes (big, bluish) and nucleated RBC - shows response by BM

54
Q
A

STEP 1 (8 decks)

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