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BIOLOGY > STEM STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT > Flashcards

STEM STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

these link a plant’s roots to its leaves

A

STEMS

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2
Q

stems can be _________, with soft tissues; or _____, with extensive hard tissues of wood and bark

A

herbaceous;

woody

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3
Q

stems perform three main functions:

A
  • structural support
  • internal transport
  • production of new living tissue (buds)
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4
Q

stems of some species are modified for _________ reproduction

A

asexual

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5
Q

type of stem growth that occurs at apical meristems at root tips, shoots, and within buds of stems

A

PRIMARY GROWTH

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6
Q

type of stem growth that occurs at lateral meristems of stems and roots

A

SECONDARY GROWTH

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7
Q

vascular bundles are arranged in a circle in cross section

herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?

A

HERBACEOUS EUDICOT STEMS

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8
Q

the protective epidermis is covered by a waxy cuticle; stomata permit gas exchange
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

HERBACEOUS EUDICOT STEMS

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9
Q

an inner cylinder of ground tissue may contain parenchyma for photosynthesis, and collenchyma and sclerenchyma for strength and structural support
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

HERBACEOUS EUDICOT STEMS

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10
Q

xylem is found on inner side of the vascular bundle, and phloem toward the outside
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

HERBACEOUS EUDICOT STEMS

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11
Q

in herbaceous eudicot stems, xylem is found on _______ of the vascular bundle, and phloem toward the _________

A

inner side; outside

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12
Q

in some herbaceous eudicot stems, phloem has a _______ that helps strengthen the stem

A

phloem fiber cap

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13
Q

some stems have a single layer of vascular cambium cells between xylem and phloem
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

HERBACEOUS EUDICOT STEMS

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14
Q

the pith is located at the center of the stem and functions primarily in storage
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

HERBACEOUS EUDICOT STEMS

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15
Q

vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, each vascular bundle is enclosed in a bundle sheath of sclerenchyma cells
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

MONOCOT STEMS

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16
Q

no distinct areas of cortex and pith – ground tissue around the vascular tissues performs the functions of cortex and pith
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

MONOCOT STEMS

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17
Q

no lateral meristems and no secondary growth because of the lack of vascular cambium
(herbaceous eudicot stems or monocot stems?)

A

MONOCOT STEMS

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18
Q

in monocot stems, , each vascular bundle is enclosed in a what

A

bundle sheath of sclerenchyma cells

19
Q

a part of stem that forms layers of cells that constitute cork

A

cortex

20
Q

a part of stem that is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant

A

pith

21
Q

________ undergo secondary growth due to the activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium

A

woody eudicots

22
Q

cells of vascular cambium divide and produce _____________ to replace the primary xylem and _____________ to replace the primary phloem

A 
secondary xylem (wood);
secondary phloem (inner bark);
23
Q

cells of cork cambium divide and produce ________ and _________, which replaces the epidermis

A

cork cells and cork parenchyma

24
Q

a thin layer of cells between xylem and phloem in vascular bundles that becomes continuous when production of secondary tissues begins

A

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

25
Q

cells in vascular cambium divide in two directions:

A

cells formed inside become secondary xylem (wood);

cells formed outside become secondary phloem (inner bark)

26
Q

these secondary tissues transport water, minerals, and sugar vertically throughout the woody plant body

A

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

27
Q

lateral movement occurs through ____ – chains of parenchyma cells that radiate from the center of the woody stem or root

A

RAYS

28
Q

cork cells (formed outside cork cambium) are ____ at maturity, have ________ walls and ______ the stem

A

dead; waterproof; protect

29
Q

cork parenchyma cells (formed inside cambium) store __________

A

water and starch granules

30
Q

stomata are replaced by __________, which permit gas exchange through the periderm

A

LENTICELS

31
Q

woody twigs have ____________ (buds)

A

EMBRYONIC SHOOTS

32
Q

two kinds of embryonic shoots in woody twigs

A

TERMINAL BUD

AXILLARY (LATERAL) BUDS

33
Q

differentiate terminal buds from axillary (lateral) buds

A

terminal buds are located at the tip of the stem, protected by bud scales

axillary (lateral) buds are located in the axils of a plant’s leaves

34
Q

a location on a plant stem which is the angle between the leaf and the upper part of the stem

A

AXILS

35
Q

when terminal and axillary buds grow, they form _______ that bear leaves and/or flowers

A

branches

36
Q

during winter dormancy, _______ cover the terminal bud and protect the delicate apical meristem

A

BUD SCALES

37
Q

when do bud scales fall off, leaving bud scale scars

A

each spring, when the bud resumes growth

38
Q

when do bud scales cover the terminal bud and protect the delicate apical meristem

A

during winter dormancy

39
Q

shows where each leaf was attached on the stem

A

LEAF SCAR

40
Q

within a leaf scar, the vascular tissue to the leaf forms ________

A

bundle scars

41
Q

the difference between summerwood of one year and springwood of the following year gives the appearance of ________

A

ANNUAL RINGS

42
Q

the age of a woody stem in ________ zones can be determined by counting the annual rings

A

temperate

43
Q

annual rings are not a reliable method of determining ages of ________ trees

A

tropical

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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