ANIMAL TISSUES Flashcards
to grow larger, animals had to be what
multicellular
differentiate anatomy to physiology
anatomy is the study of structure while
physiology is the study of function
consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions
TISSUE
enumerate the four types of animal tissues
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
this type of animal tissue’s main functions are protection; secretion and/or absorption
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
this type of animal tissue’s main functions are structural support and connection
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
this type of animal tissue’s main function is it contracts to bring about movement of the body or a body component
MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of animal tissue’s main functions are detecting stimuli, processing information, coordinating responses to stimuli
NERVOUS TISSUE
other term for epithelial tissue
EPITHELIUM
this type of animal tissue consists of cells fitted tightly together to form a continuous layer of cells
EPITHELIUM/EPITHELIAL TISSUE
two surfaces of epithelium
EXPOSED SURFACE
OTHER SURFACE
surface in the epithelium that covers the body (outer layer of the skin) or lines a cavity in a hollow organ
EXPOSED SURFACE
surface in the epithelium that attaches to underlying tissue by a noncellular basement membrane
OTHER SURFACE
everything that enters or leaves the body must cross at least one layer of what
EPITHELIUM
why should everything that enters or leaves the body cross at least one layer of epithelium?
for the epithelium to regulate exchange between the body and the external environment
4 functions of epithelial tissues
PROTECTION
ABSORPTION
SECRETION
SENSATION
3 types of EPITHELIAL CELLS that make up the EPITHELIUM
SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL
COLUMNAR
type of epithelial cell which are thin, flat cells
SQUAMOUS
type of epithelial cell which are short, eight-sided cylinders
CUBOIDAL
type of epithelial cell which are columns or cylinders; may have cilia that move materials over the tissue surface (tallest/thickest of all)
COLUMNAR
3 types of EPITHELIAL TISSUE LAYERS
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue layer that has only one layer of cells; usually located where substances are secreted, excreted, absorbed, or diffused
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue layer that has two or more layers; protects underlying tissues
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue layer that appears layered, but in actuality not every cell extends to the exposed surface of the tissue
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
5 MAIN TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue found in air sacs of lungs; lining of blood vessels
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that functions as the passage of materials where little or no protection is needed and where diffusion is major form of transport
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue where the cells are flat and are arranged in a single layer
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue found in linings of kidney tubules; gland ducts
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion and absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of cells; from the side each cell looks like a short cylinder; some have microvilli for absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue found in linings of much of digestive tract and upper part of respiratory tract
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion, especially of mucus; absorption; protection; moves layer of mucus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of columnar cells; highly developed Golgi complex; often ciliated; goblet cells secrete mucus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue found in skin; mouth lining; vaginal lining
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that functions by protection only; little or no absorption or transit of materials; outer layer continuously sloughed off and replaced from below
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that has several layers of cells, with only the lower ones columnar and metabolically active; division of lower cells causes older ones to be pushed upward toward surface, becoming flatter as they move
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue found in some respiratory passages; ducts of many glands
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion; protection; moves layer of mucus, except not all cells are the same height
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
type of epithelial tissue that is ciliated, mucus-secreting, or with microvilli; although all cells contact the same basement membrane, the tissue appears stratified even though it’s just the differing heights that create the illusion
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
one or more epithelial cells that secrete a product such as sweat, milk, mucus, wax, saliva, hormones, or enzymes
GLANDS
two types of glands
EXOCRINE GLANDS
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
this type of gland secretes products onto a free epithelial surface, typically through a duct
EXOCRINE GLANDS
this type of gland releases hormones into the interstitial fluid or blood
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
goblet cells, sweat glands are what type of gland?
EXOCRINE GLANDS
the thyroid gland is what type of gland?
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
this type of animal tissue functions as support and cushions body structures
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
in this type of animal tissue, cells are embedded in an intercellular substance consisting of threadlike fibers scattered through a matrix of polysaccharides secreted by the cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
the structure and function of each kind of connective tissue is determined in part by the properties of its what
intercellular substance
3 types of FIBERS
COLLAGEN FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
type of fiber that is composed of tough fibrous proteins that remain intact when tissue is stretched
COLLAGEN FIBERS
type of fiber that branch and form networks
ELASTIC FIBERS
ELASTIC fibers are composed of what
ELASTIN
type of fiber that returns to original size when stretched
ELASTIC FIBERS
type of fiber that is a network of tissues
RETICULAR FIBERS
type of fiber that are thin and branched, and is made of collagen and some glycoprotein
RETICULAR FIBERS
2 types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
FIBROBLASTS
MACROPHAGES
this type of a connective tissue cell produce the fibers, protein and carbohydrate complexes of the matrix
FIBROBLASTS
this type of a connective tissue cell is also called as the body’s scavenger cells
MACROPHAGES
this type of a connective tissue cell wander through connective tissues, cleaning up cell debris, engulfing foreign matter, including bacteria
MACROPHAGES
8 MAIN TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
LOOSE CONNECTIVE DENSE CONNECTIVE ELASTIC CONNECTIVE RETICULAR CONNECTIVE ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE CARTILAGE BONE BLOOD
this type of connective tissue forms the subcutaneous layer that attaches skin to muscles and other structures
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue is a thin filling between body parts and serves as a reservoir for fluid and salts
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue has fibers run in all directions through a semifluid matrix
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue is found in the lower layer of the skin
DENSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue is strong; less flexible than loose connective tissue
DENSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue has collagen fibers that predominate
DENSE CONNECTIVE
tendons and ligaments consist of this type of connective tissue in a definite pattern
DENSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue consists mainly of bundles of parallel elastic fibers unlike the loose connective
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue is found in structures that must expand and then return to their original size, such as lung tissue and the walls of large arteries
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue is composed mainly of interlacing reticular fibers
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue forms a supporting internal framework in many organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue has a net or a branching pattern
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue stores fat and releases it when fuel is needed for cellular respiration
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
this type of connective tissue is found in the subcutaneous layer and in tissue that cushions internal organs aside from the loose connective
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
ADIPOCYTES are also known as what
LIPOCYTES or FAT CELLS
these are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat
ADIPOCYTES
the nuclei of adipocytes are found where instead of the center of the cells
at the sides of the cells
because of having fat stored in the cell
this type of connective tissue is a firm elastic tissue consisting of chondrocytes that lie in small cavities in lacunae (small spaces) and secrete a hard rubbery matrix and collagen fibers
CARTILAGE
these cells make up the cartilage and lie in small cavities in lacunae (small spaces) and secrete a hard rubbery matrix and collagen fibers
CHONDROCYTES
this type of connective tissue is the supporting skeleton in embryonic stages of all vertebrates
CARTILAGE
this type of connective tissue is the main vertebrate skeletal tissue
BONE
this type of connective tissue consists mostly of calcium salts and collagen secreted by osteocytes
BONE
cells that make up the bone and secretes calcium salts and collagen
OSTEOCYTES
these contain cytoplasmic extensions for communication between osteocytes
CANALICULI
compact bone is surrounded by what
spongy bone
this type of connective tissue consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
BLOOD
4 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
RED BLOOD CELLS (o2 transport) WHITE BLOOD CELLS (defense) PLATELETS (clotting) PLASMA (water, proteins, salts, soluble chemical messengers)
3 TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUES
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is used for voluntary movement such as body movement and facial expressions
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is found attached to bones; tongue
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is long & cylindrical, multinucleated, striated (has parallel streaks)
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is used for involuntary movement, specifically heart beating and blood pumping
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is found in heart muscles
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is short & branched, uninucleated (one to two nuclei), striated, joined end to end with intercalated discs
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
these allows the cardiac muscle cells to contract in a wave-like pattern so that the heart can work as a pump
INTERCALATED DISCS
this type of muscular tissue is used for involuntary movement, specifically in peristalsis
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
PERISTALSIS
this type of muscular tissue is found in the walls of esophagus, stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels, and other hollow internal organs
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of muscular tissue is short & spindled (pointy), uninucleated, non-striated
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
this type of animal tissue has a neuron which has a CELL BODY containing a nucleus and two cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites and axon)
NERVOUS TISSUE
two main components of NERVOUS TISSUE
NEURONS GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
main component of nervous tissue that receive and transmit signals
NEURONS
main component of nervous tissue that support and nourish the neurons
GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
main component of nervous tissue that destroy pathogens, and modulate transmission of impulses
GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
two cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body of a neuron
DENDRITES
AXON
cytoplasmic extensions that receive and transmit signals to the cell body
DENDRITES
cytoplasmic extensions that transmit signals away from the cell body
AXONS
the junctions where nerve cells communicate
SYNAPSE
4 types of GLIAL CELLS
ASTROCYTES
OLIGODENDROCYTES
MICROGLIAL CELLS
EPENDYMAL CELL
this type of animal tissue enables movement by contraction of muscle cells
MUSCULAR TISSUES
long, cylindrical or spindle-shaped muscle cells are called ________ because of their length
muscle fibers
each muscle fiber contains many thin, parallel contractile units called what consisting of myosin and actin proteins
MYOFIBRILS
MYOFIBRILS consists of what
myosin
actin proteins
transverse stripes that change relative sizes during contraction
STRIATIONS
this type of muscular tissue has muscle fibers join end to end, branch and rejoin to form complex networks
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
while some neurons transmit signals directly to spinal cord and brain, others do what
relay,
process, or
store information
what will more myelin do to the transmission speed of the signal
it will make it faster
which part of the neuron allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
MYELIN SHEATH
several tissues associate to form what
ORGANS
an organized group of tissues and organs that perform a specialized set of functions
ORGAN SYSTEM
humans are organisms with how many major organ systems that work together to carry out physiological processes
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