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BIOLOGY > ANIMAL TISSUES > Flashcards

ANIMAL TISSUES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

to grow larger, animals had to be what

A

multicellular

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2
Q

differentiate anatomy to physiology

A

anatomy is the study of structure while

physiology is the study of function

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3
Q

consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions

A

TISSUE

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4
Q

enumerate the four types of animal tissues

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

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5
Q

this type of animal tissue’s main functions are protection; secretion and/or absorption

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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6
Q

this type of animal tissue’s main functions are structural support and connection

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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7
Q

this type of animal tissue’s main function is it contracts to bring about movement of the body or a body component

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

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8
Q

this type of animal tissue’s main functions are detecting stimuli, processing information, coordinating responses to stimuli

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

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9
Q

other term for epithelial tissue

A

EPITHELIUM

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10
Q

this type of animal tissue consists of cells fitted tightly together to form a continuous layer of cells

A

EPITHELIUM/EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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11
Q

two surfaces of epithelium

A

EXPOSED SURFACE

OTHER SURFACE

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12
Q

surface in the epithelium that covers the body (outer layer of the skin) or lines a cavity in a hollow organ

A

EXPOSED SURFACE

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13
Q

surface in the epithelium that attaches to underlying tissue by a noncellular basement membrane

A

OTHER SURFACE

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14
Q

everything that enters or leaves the body must cross at least one layer of what

A

EPITHELIUM

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15
Q

why should everything that enters or leaves the body cross at least one layer of epithelium?

A

for the epithelium to regulate exchange between the body and the external environment

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16
Q

4 functions of epithelial tissues

A

PROTECTION
ABSORPTION
SECRETION
SENSATION

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17
Q

3 types of EPITHELIAL CELLS that make up the EPITHELIUM

A

SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL
COLUMNAR

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18
Q

type of epithelial cell which are thin, flat cells

A

SQUAMOUS

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19
Q

type of epithelial cell which are short, eight-sided cylinders

A

CUBOIDAL

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20
Q

type of epithelial cell which are columns or cylinders; may have cilia that move materials over the tissue surface (tallest/thickest of all)

A

COLUMNAR

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21
Q

3 types of EPITHELIAL TISSUE LAYERS

A

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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22
Q

type of epithelial tissue layer that has only one layer of cells; usually located where substances are secreted, excreted, absorbed, or diffused

A

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

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23
Q

type of epithelial tissue layer that has two or more layers; protects underlying tissues

A

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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24
Q

type of epithelial tissue layer that appears layered, but in actuality not every cell extends to the exposed surface of the tissue

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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25
Q

5 MAIN TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

A 
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
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26
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in air sacs of lungs; lining of blood vessels

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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27
Q

type of epithelial tissue that functions as the passage of materials where little or no protection is needed and where diffusion is major form of transport

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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28
Q

type of epithelial tissue where the cells are flat and are arranged in a single layer

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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29
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in linings of kidney tubules; gland ducts

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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30
Q

type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion and absorption

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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31
Q

type of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of cells; from the side each cell looks like a short cylinder; some have microvilli for absorption

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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32
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in linings of much of digestive tract and upper part of respiratory tract

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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33
Q

type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion, especially of mucus; absorption; protection; moves layer of mucus

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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34
Q

type of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of columnar cells; highly developed Golgi complex; often ciliated; goblet cells secrete mucus

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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35
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in skin; mouth lining; vaginal lining

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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36
Q

type of epithelial tissue that functions by protection only; little or no absorption or transit of materials; outer layer continuously sloughed off and replaced from below

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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37
Q

type of epithelial tissue that has several layers of cells, with only the lower ones columnar and metabolically active; division of lower cells causes older ones to be pushed upward toward surface, becoming flatter as they move

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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38
Q

type of epithelial tissue found in some respiratory passages; ducts of many glands

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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39
Q

type of epithelial tissue that functions by secretion; protection; moves layer of mucus, except not all cells are the same height

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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40
Q

type of epithelial tissue that is ciliated, mucus-secreting, or with microvilli; although all cells contact the same basement membrane, the tissue appears stratified even though it’s just the differing heights that create the illusion

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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41
Q

one or more epithelial cells that secrete a product such as sweat, milk, mucus, wax, saliva, hormones, or enzymes

A

GLANDS

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42
Q

two types of glands

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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43
Q

this type of gland secretes products onto a free epithelial surface, typically through a duct

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

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44
Q

this type of gland releases hormones into the interstitial fluid or blood

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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45
Q

goblet cells, sweat glands are what type of gland?

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

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46
Q

the thyroid gland is what type of gland?

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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47
Q

this type of animal tissue functions as support and cushions body structures

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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48
Q

in this type of animal tissue, cells are embedded in an intercellular substance consisting of threadlike fibers scattered through a matrix of polysaccharides secreted by the cells

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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49
Q

the structure and function of each kind of connective tissue is determined in part by the properties of its what

A

intercellular substance

50
Q

3 types of FIBERS

A

COLLAGEN FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS

51
Q

type of fiber that is composed of tough fibrous proteins that remain intact when tissue is stretched

A

COLLAGEN FIBERS

52
Q

type of fiber that branch and form networks

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

53
Q

ELASTIC fibers are composed of what

A

ELASTIN

54
Q

type of fiber that returns to original size when stretched

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

55
Q

type of fiber that is a network of tissues

A

RETICULAR FIBERS

56
Q

type of fiber that are thin and branched, and is made of collagen and some glycoprotein

A

RETICULAR FIBERS

57
Q

2 types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

A

FIBROBLASTS

MACROPHAGES

58
Q

this type of a connective tissue cell produce the fibers, protein and carbohydrate complexes of the matrix

A

FIBROBLASTS

59
Q

this type of a connective tissue cell is also called as the body’s scavenger cells

A

MACROPHAGES

60
Q

this type of a connective tissue cell wander through connective tissues, cleaning up cell debris, engulfing foreign matter, including bacteria

A

MACROPHAGES

61
Q

8 MAIN TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

A 
LOOSE CONNECTIVE
DENSE CONNECTIVE
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE
CARTILAGE
BONE
BLOOD
62
Q

this type of connective tissue forms the subcutaneous layer that attaches skin to muscles and other structures

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE

63
Q

this type of connective tissue is a thin filling between body parts and serves as a reservoir for fluid and salts

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE

64
Q

this type of connective tissue has fibers run in all directions through a semifluid matrix

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE

65
Q

this type of connective tissue is found in the lower layer of the skin

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE

66
Q

this type of connective tissue is strong; less flexible than loose connective tissue

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE

67
Q

this type of connective tissue has collagen fibers that predominate

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE

68
Q

tendons and ligaments consist of this type of connective tissue in a definite pattern

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE

69
Q

this type of connective tissue consists mainly of bundles of parallel elastic fibers unlike the loose connective

A

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE

70
Q

this type of connective tissue is found in structures that must expand and then return to their original size, such as lung tissue and the walls of large arteries

A

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE

71
Q

this type of connective tissue is composed mainly of interlacing reticular fibers

A

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE

72
Q

this type of connective tissue forms a supporting internal framework in many organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

A

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE

73
Q

this type of connective tissue has a net or a branching pattern

A

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE

74
Q

this type of connective tissue stores fat and releases it when fuel is needed for cellular respiration

A

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE

75
Q

this type of connective tissue is found in the subcutaneous layer and in tissue that cushions internal organs aside from the loose connective

A

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE

76
Q

ADIPOCYTES are also known as what

A

LIPOCYTES or FAT CELLS

77
Q

these are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat

A

ADIPOCYTES

78
Q

the nuclei of adipocytes are found where instead of the center of the cells

A

at the sides of the cells

because of having fat stored in the cell

79
Q

this type of connective tissue is a firm elastic tissue consisting of chondrocytes that lie in small cavities in lacunae (small spaces) and secrete a hard rubbery matrix and collagen fibers

A

CARTILAGE

80
Q

these cells make up the cartilage and lie in small cavities in lacunae (small spaces) and secrete a hard rubbery matrix and collagen fibers

A

CHONDROCYTES

81
Q

this type of connective tissue is the supporting skeleton in embryonic stages of all vertebrates

A

CARTILAGE

82
Q

this type of connective tissue is the main vertebrate skeletal tissue

A

BONE

83
Q

this type of connective tissue consists mostly of calcium salts and collagen secreted by osteocytes

A

BONE

84
Q

cells that make up the bone and secretes calcium salts and collagen

A

OSTEOCYTES

85
Q

these contain cytoplasmic extensions for communication between osteocytes

A

CANALICULI

86
Q

compact bone is surrounded by what

A

spongy bone

87
Q

this type of connective tissue consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

A

BLOOD

88
Q

4 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

A 
RED BLOOD CELLS (o2 transport)
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (defense)
PLATELETS (clotting)
PLASMA 
(water, proteins, salts, soluble chemical messengers)
89
Q

3 TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUES

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

90
Q

this type of muscular tissue is used for voluntary movement such as body movement and facial expressions

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

91
Q

this type of muscular tissue is found attached to bones; tongue

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

92
Q

this type of muscular tissue is long & cylindrical, multinucleated, striated (has parallel streaks)

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

93
Q

this type of muscular tissue is used for involuntary movement, specifically heart beating and blood pumping

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

94
Q

this type of muscular tissue is found in heart muscles

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

95
Q

this type of muscular tissue is short & branched, uninucleated (one to two nuclei), striated, joined end to end with intercalated discs

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

96
Q

these allows the cardiac muscle cells to contract in a wave-like pattern so that the heart can work as a pump

A

INTERCALATED DISCS

97
Q

this type of muscular tissue is used for involuntary movement, specifically in peristalsis

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

98
Q

a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

A

PERISTALSIS

99
Q

this type of muscular tissue is found in the walls of esophagus, stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels, and other hollow internal organs

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

100
Q

this type of muscular tissue is short & spindled (pointy), uninucleated, non-striated

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

101
Q

this type of animal tissue has a neuron which has a CELL BODY containing a nucleus and two cytoplasmic extensions (dendrites and axon)

A

NERVOUS TISSUE

102
Q

two main components of NERVOUS TISSUE

A 
NEURONS
GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)
103
Q

main component of nervous tissue that receive and transmit signals

A

NEURONS

104
Q

main component of nervous tissue that support and nourish the neurons

A

GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)

105
Q

main component of nervous tissue that destroy pathogens, and modulate transmission of impulses

A

GLIAL CELLS (NEUROGLIA)

106
Q

two cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body of a neuron

A

DENDRITES

AXON

107
Q

cytoplasmic extensions that receive and transmit signals to the cell body

A

DENDRITES

108
Q

cytoplasmic extensions that transmit signals away from the cell body

A

AXONS

109
Q

the junctions where nerve cells communicate

A

SYNAPSE

110
Q

4 types of GLIAL CELLS

A

ASTROCYTES
OLIGODENDROCYTES
MICROGLIAL CELLS
EPENDYMAL CELL

111
Q

this type of animal tissue enables movement by contraction of muscle cells

A

MUSCULAR TISSUES

112
Q

long, cylindrical or spindle-shaped muscle cells are called ________ because of their length

A

muscle fibers

113
Q

each muscle fiber contains many thin, parallel contractile units called what consisting of myosin and actin proteins

A

MYOFIBRILS

114
Q

MYOFIBRILS consists of what

A

myosin

actin proteins

115
Q

transverse stripes that change relative sizes during contraction

A

STRIATIONS

116
Q

this type of muscular tissue has muscle fibers join end to end, branch and rejoin to form complex networks

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

117
Q

while some neurons transmit signals directly to spinal cord and brain, others do what

A

relay,
process, or
store information

118
Q

what will more myelin do to the transmission speed of the signal

A

it will make it faster

119
Q

which part of the neuron allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

A

MYELIN SHEATH

120
Q

several tissues associate to form what

A

ORGANS

121
Q

an organized group of tissues and organs that perform a specialized set of functions

A

ORGAN SYSTEM

122
Q

humans are organisms with how many major organ systems that work together to carry out physiological processes

A

11

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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