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BIOLOGY > MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS > Flashcards

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

generates mechanical forces necessary for locomotion, manipulation of objects, and physiological actions necessary to maintain homeostasis

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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2
Q

these two contractile proteins are the source of motion in muscle fibers

A

ACTIN and MYOSIN

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3
Q

these muscles pull on tendons, which pull on bones on each side of a joint – muscle contraction pulls one bone toward or away from the bone with which it articulates

A

SKELETAL MUSCLES

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4
Q

muscles act ANTAGONISTICALLY to one another – the muscle that produces a particular action is the _________; the muscle that produces the opposite movement is the __________

A

AGONIST;

ANTAGONIST

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5
Q

this muscular movement refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

A

FLEXION

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6
Q

this muscular movement refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts

A

EXTENSION

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7
Q

these consist of long, striated cells with many nuclei (muscle fibers) organized in bundles wrapped by connective tissue

A

SKELETAL MUSCLES

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8
Q

the term for the plasma membrane in muscle cells that has multiple inward extensions that form TRANSVERSE TUBULES

A

SARCOLEMMA

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9
Q

the SARCOLEMMA has multiple inward extensions that form what

A

TRANSVERSE TUBULES

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10
Q

the SARCOPLASM and ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM in muscle fibers is called the what

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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11
Q

these are made up of two types of MYOFILAMENTS or FILAMENTS

A

MYOFIBRILS

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12
Q

MYOFIBRILS are made up of these two types of MYOFILAMENTS or FILAMENTS

A

THICK MYOSIN FILAMENTS

THIN ACTIN FILAMENTS

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13
Q

this composition of MYOFIBRILS consist mainly of the protein MYOSIN

A

THICK MYOSIN FILAMENTS

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14
Q

this composition of MYOFIBRILS consist mainly of the protein actin; they also contain the proteins TROPOMYOSIN and TROPONIN, which regulate interaction with myosin filaments

A

THIN ACTIN FILAMENTS

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15
Q

THIN ACTIN FILAMENTS consist of the three proteins:

A

ACTIN;
TROPOMYOSIN;
TROPONIN

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16
Q

MYOSIN and ACTIN FILAMENTS are organized into repeating units called __________, the basic units of muscle contraction

A

SARCOMERES

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17
Q

SARCOMERES are joined at their ends by the ______

A

Z line

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18
Q

MYOSIN and ACTIN FILAMENTS overlap lengthwise in muscle fibers, producing three pattern of striations, namely:

A

I band
A band
H zone

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19
Q

this occurs when sarcomeres shorten

A

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

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20
Q

according to the this model, sarcomeres shorten as actin and myosin filaments slide past one another, increasing their overlap

A

SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL

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21
Q

these two pattern of striations decrease in length, but ____ and _______ themselves do not shorten

A

I band and H zone;

actin and myosin filaments

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22
Q

these transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscle fibers

A

MOTOR NEURONS

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23
Q

a MOTOR NEURON releases the neurotransmitter _____________ into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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24
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE binds with receptors on each muscle fiber, causing ___________ across its sarcolemma

A

DEPOLARIZATION

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25
Q

this phenomenon causes an electrical signal (action potential) to be generated in the muscle fiber

A

DEPOLARIZATION

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26
Q

this travels along the sarcolemma and into T-tubule membranes, triggering release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into myofibrils

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

27
Q

an ACTION POTENTIAL travels along the sarcolemma and into T-tubule membranes, triggering what?

A

the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into myofibrils

28
Q

how do action potentials contract the myofibrils?

A

> action potential triggers the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into myofibrils
Ca2+ binds to TROPONIN which pushes TROPOMYOSIN away from active sites on actin filaments
ATP attached to myosin is split into ADP and Pi – the myosin head binds to the active site on the actin filament, forming a CROSS BRIDGE
the release of Pi from the myosin head triggers a conformational change which bends the myosin head about 45 DEGREES in a flexing motion (POWER STROKE)
during the power stroke, myosin heads pull actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle; ADP is released
myosin heads bind to new ATP and detach from actin

29
Q

these molecules power cocking, attachment of myosin heads to actin filaments, flexion, and release of the myosin heads

A

ATP molecules

30
Q

energy stored in __________________ is transferred to ATP as needed, but it is quickly depleted

A

CREATINE PHOSPHATE

31
Q

serves as an important reservoir of high-energy phosphates in striated muscle

A

CREATINE PHOSPHATE

32
Q

muscle fibers store energy in __________, which is degraded into ________, which is degraded in _______________

A

GLYCOGEN;
GLUCOSE;
cellular respiration

33
Q

oxygen debt during exercise causes muscles to obtain energy anaerobically through what

A

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

34
Q

ATP _________ results in weaker contractions and muscle fatigue

A

depletion

35
Q

accumulation of _________ contributes to muscle fatigue

A

LACTIC ACID

36
Q

the period of rapid breathing that generally follows strenuous exercise pays back the oxygen debt by consuming what

A

LACTIC ACID

37
Q

enumerate the THREE TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

A

SLOW-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (RED FIBERS)
FAST-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS (WHITE FIBERS)
FAST-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (INTERMEDIATE FIBERS)

38
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber that is adapted for endurance activities and maintaining posture such as swimming and long-distance running

A

SLOW-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (RED FIBERS)

39
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber that contracts slowly and fatigues slowly

A

SLOW-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (RED FIBERS)

40
Q

types of skeletal muscle fiber that require a steady supply of oxygen; derive most of their energy from aerobic respiration

A

SLOW-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (RED FIBERS)

FAST-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (INTERMEDIATE FIBERS)

41
Q

types of skeletal muscle fiber that are rich in MITOCHONDRIA, CAPILLARIES and MYOGLOBIN

A

SLOW-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (RED FIBERS)

FAST-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (INTERMEDIATE FIBERS)

42
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber that generates a great deal of power and carries out rapid movements, but only for a short time (sprinting, weight lifting)

A

FAST-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS (WHITE FIBERS)

43
Q

type of skeletal muscle fiber that has few MITOCHONDRIA; obtain most of their energy from GLYCOLYSIS

A

FAST-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS (WHITE FIBERS)

44
Q

type of skeletal muscle that fatigues rapidly when their glycogen supply is depleted

A

FAST-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS (WHITE FIBERS)

45
Q

type of skeletal muscle that has a low MYOGLOBIN content and are white

A

FAST-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS (WHITE FIBERS)

46
Q

o contract rapidly and type of skeletal muscle that have an intermediate rate of fatigue

A

FAST-OXIDATIVE FIBERS (INTERMEDIATE FIBERS)

47
Q

in humans, most muscles have a _________ of different types of fibers

A

MIXTURE

48
Q

aerobic training increases the __________ DENSITY, number of ____________, and ________ content of muscle fibers

A

CAPILLARY;
MITOCHONDRIA;
MYOGLOBIN

49
Q

the ___________ of a muscle depends on these:
o types of muscle fibers making up the muscle
o number of muscle fibers contracting
o tension developed by each fiber
o frequency of stimulation
o condition of the muscle

A

CONTRACTION

50
Q

strength training increases the number of _________ in muscle fibers, which increases the size of the muscle

A

FILAMENTS

51
Q

the more muscle fibers that contract, the greater the ________ in the muscle

A

TENSION

52
Q

each junction of a motor neuron with a muscle fiber is called a what

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

53
Q

the more motor units recruited, the stronger the what

A

CONTRACTIONS

54
Q

when a series of separate stimuli arrive very closely together, the twitches add together (called _________), resulting in a smooth, sustained contraction (called ________)

A

SUMMATION;

TETANUS

55
Q

when you are not moving, your muscles are in a state of partial contraction (called __________), keeping muscles prepared for action

A

muscle tone

56
Q

type of muscle that is not under voluntary control; not striated

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

57
Q

type of muscle found in tubular organs that often contract in response to simple stretching; contraction tends to be sustained

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

58
Q

type of muscle that contracts slowly and squeezes strongly

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

59
Q

type of muscle that shortens more than striated muscle – cross bridges in these muscles remain in the attached state longer

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

60
Q

type of muscle that is not under voluntary control; striated

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

61
Q

• contracts and relaxes type of muscle that contracts and relaxes in alternating rhythm, propelling blood with each contraction; regulates heart beat

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

62
Q

in CARDIAC MUSCLE, fibers are electrically coupled by what

A

GAP JUNCTIONS or INTERCALATED DISCS

63
Q

each heartbeat is initiated by a what

A

PACEMAKER

64
Q

this system transmits the signal through cardiac muscle – heart beats independently of nerve supply

A

CONDUCTION SYSTEM

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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