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BIOLOGY > SKELETAL SYSTEMS > Flashcards

SKELETAL SYSTEMS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

forms the framework of the body and functions in locomotion

A

SKELETAL SYSTEMS

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2
Q

mechanical forces generated by muscle contraction are typically transmitted to skeletal structures of chitin or bone to produce what

A

MOTION

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3
Q

most invertebrates have __________ skeletons or exoskeletons; while vertebrates have __________

A

hydrostatic;

endoskeletons

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4
Q

the fluid-filled body compartments of many soft-bodied invertebrates, such as cnidarians, flatworms, annelids and round worms

A

HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS

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5
Q

in this skeleton, fluid is held under pressure in the body; when muscles in the compartment wall contract, they push the tube of fluid

A

HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS

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6
Q

in CNIDARIANS (Hydra), two body layers work in antagonistic fashion – contraction of the epidermal layer causes __________; contraction of the inner layer causes _________

A

shortening;

lengthening

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7
Q

in ANNELID WORMS (earthworm), _____ isolate portions of the body cavity, allowing the hydrostatic skeletons of each segment to be largely independent of one another

A

SEPTA

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8
Q

SEA STARS and SEA URCHINS have an ENDOSKELETON, but they move their tube feet using a type of what

A

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

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9
Q

most animals deposit a nonliving, protective __________ over their outer epithelium

A

EXOSKELETON

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10
Q

in MOLLUSKS, the exoskeleton is a ____________ shell secreted by the mantle

A

CALCIUM CARBONATE

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11
Q

the ARTHROPOD exoskeleton is a what; thick inflexible plates are separated by thin, flexible joints

A

cuticle containing chitin

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12
Q

to accommodate growth, an arthropod must what, a characteristic of the ECDYSOZOA

A

MOLT

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13
Q

_________ and ________ have internal skeletons consisting of plates or shafts of living tissue such as cartilage or bone

A

ECHINODERMS and CHORDATES

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14
Q

provide support and protection and transmit muscle forces – sharks and rays have cartilage skeletons; other vertebrate skeletons consist mainly of bone

A

VERTEBRATE SKELETONS

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15
Q

enumerate the two divisions of the VERTEBRATE SKELETON

A

AXIAL SKELETON

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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16
Q

this division of the vertebrate skeleton is located along the central axis of the body; consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum (breastbone)

A

AXIAL SKELETON

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17
Q

the SKULL consists of these two kinds of bones

A

CRANIAL and FACIAL

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18
Q

the VERTEBRAL COLUMN consists of 24 vertebrae:

A

7 CERVICAL
12 THORACIC
5 LUMBAR
2 BONES composed of fused vertebrae, the SACRUM and COCCYX

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19
Q

this is formed by the sternum, thoracic vertebrae and (in mammals) 12 pairs of these

A

RIB CAGE

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20
Q

this division of the vertebrate skeleton is the bones of the limbs (arms and legs)

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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21
Q

this division of the vertebrate skeleton is composed of the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic (hip) girdle, which connect the limbs to the other division of the skeleton

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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22
Q

this consists of 2 collar bones (CLAVICLES) and 2 shoulder bones (SCAPULAS) loosely attached to the vertebral column by muscles

A

THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

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23
Q

THE PECTORAL GIRDLE consists of what that are loosely attached to the vertebral column by muscles

A

2 collar bones (CLAVICLES);

2 shoulder bones (SCAPULAS)

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24
Q

this consists of a pair of large bones (each with 3 fused hipbones) fused to the vertebral column

A

THE PELVIC GIRDLE

25
Q

THE PELVIC GIRDLE consists of what fused to the vertebral column

A

a pair of large bones (each with 3 fused hipbones)

26
Q

each human limb consists of __ BONES and terminates in _ digits (fingers/toes)

A

30; 5

27
Q

enumerate the 6 bones from shoulder to fingertips:

A 
HUMERUS
RADIUS
ULNA
CARPALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
28
Q

enumerate the 7 bones from thighs to toes:

A 
FEMUR
PATELLA (kneecaps)
FIBULA
TIBIA
TARSALS
METATARSALS
PHALANGES
29
Q

a type of bone where the radius of the forearm rotates about its long axis and operates as a lever, moved by muscles

A

LONG BONES

30
Q

these are covered by a connective tissue membrane (PERIOSTEUM) to which muscle tendons and ligaments attach

A

LONG BONES

31
Q

LONG BONES are covered by a connective tissue membrane called what to which muscle tendons and ligaments attach

A

PERIOSTEUM

32
Q

in children, a cartilage growth center (or __________) lies between the wide ends (or ______) and the main shaft (or _________) – becoming _________ at maturity

A

METAPHYSIS;
EPIPHYSES;
DIAPHYSIS;
EPIPHYSEAL LINES

33
Q

long bones have a central cavity containing what

A

BONE MARROW

34
Q

two kinds of BONE MARROW

A

YELLOW MARROW

RED MARROW

35
Q

kind of BONE MARROW composed of fatty or adipose connective tissue

A

YELLOW MARROW

36
Q

kind of BONE MARROW that produces blood cells

A

RED MARROW

37
Q

LONG BONES has a thin outer shell of ____________ which is dense and hard

A

COMPACT BONE

38
Q

this consists of interlocking OSTEONS containing OSTEOCYTES within lacunae, arranged in concentric circles around HAVERSIAN CANALS

A

COMPACT BONE

39
Q

COMPACT BONE consists of interlocking __________ containing ____________ within lacunae, arranged in concentric circles around
_____________

A

OSTEONS;
OSTEOCYTES;
HAVERSIAN CANALS

40
Q

in LONG BONES, beneath the compact bone, a network of __________ filled with __________ provides mechanical strength (shock absorber)

A

SPONGY BONE;

bone marrow

41
Q

other term for BONE FORMATION

A

OSSIFICATION

42
Q

during fetal development, long bones develop from these (endochondral bone development)

A

CARTILAGE TEMPLATES

43
Q

where in a long bone do BONES ossify?

A

DIAPHYSIS and EPIPHYSES

44
Q

other bones develop from a what according to intramembranous bone development

A

noncartilage, connective tissue scaffold

45
Q

enumerate the 3 BONE CELLS

A

OSTEOBLASTS
OSTEOCYTES
OSTEOCLASTS

46
Q

bone-building cells that secrete COLLAGEN

A

OSTEOBLASTS

47
Q

OSTEOBLASTS secrete this chemical in interstitial fluid that crystallizes around collagen fibers to form hard matrix

A

HYDROXYAPATITE (calcium phosphate)

48
Q

these are mature bone cells isolated within lacunae in the matrix

A

OSTEOCYTES

49
Q

large, multinucleated cells that break down bone by releasing hydrogen ions to remove the calcium and collagen, which allows for the reabsorption of substances

A

OSTEOCLASTS

50
Q

after the OSTEOCLASTS are done cleaning, they will what

A

go under apoptosis and signal other osteoblasts to rebuild the bone cells

51
Q

these two bone cells continuously remodel bones in response to physical stress and other demands

A

OSTEOCLASTS and OSTEOBLASTS

52
Q

as muscles develop with ____________, the bones thicken and become stronger

A

physical activity

53
Q

as a bone grows, this is removed from its interior especially from the marrow cavity

A

tissue

54
Q

in ____________, patients lose so much bone mass that bones become fragile, greatly increasing risk for fracture

A

OSTEOPOROSIS

55
Q

junctions between two or more bones that allow flexibility and movement

A

JOINTS

56
Q

other term for JOINTS

A

ARTICULATIONS

57
Q

in joints, bone surfaces in contact are covered by what

A

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

58
Q

freely movable joints are enclosed by a joint capsule of connective tissue containing a lubricant (called _________) and typically reinforced by _________

A

SYNOVIAL FLUID;

ligaments

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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