SKELETAL SYSTEMS Flashcards
forms the framework of the body and functions in locomotion
SKELETAL SYSTEMS
mechanical forces generated by muscle contraction are typically transmitted to skeletal structures of chitin or bone to produce what
MOTION
most invertebrates have __________ skeletons or exoskeletons; while vertebrates have __________
hydrostatic;
endoskeletons
the fluid-filled body compartments of many soft-bodied invertebrates, such as cnidarians, flatworms, annelids and round worms
HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS
in this skeleton, fluid is held under pressure in the body; when muscles in the compartment wall contract, they push the tube of fluid
HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS
in CNIDARIANS (Hydra), two body layers work in antagonistic fashion – contraction of the epidermal layer causes __________; contraction of the inner layer causes _________
shortening;
lengthening
in ANNELID WORMS (earthworm), _____ isolate portions of the body cavity, allowing the hydrostatic skeletons of each segment to be largely independent of one another
SEPTA
SEA STARS and SEA URCHINS have an ENDOSKELETON, but they move their tube feet using a type of what
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
most animals deposit a nonliving, protective __________ over their outer epithelium
EXOSKELETON
in MOLLUSKS, the exoskeleton is a ____________ shell secreted by the mantle
CALCIUM CARBONATE
the ARTHROPOD exoskeleton is a what; thick inflexible plates are separated by thin, flexible joints
cuticle containing chitin
to accommodate growth, an arthropod must what, a characteristic of the ECDYSOZOA
MOLT
_________ and ________ have internal skeletons consisting of plates or shafts of living tissue such as cartilage or bone
ECHINODERMS and CHORDATES
provide support and protection and transmit muscle forces – sharks and rays have cartilage skeletons; other vertebrate skeletons consist mainly of bone
VERTEBRATE SKELETONS
enumerate the two divisions of the VERTEBRATE SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
this division of the vertebrate skeleton is located along the central axis of the body; consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum (breastbone)
AXIAL SKELETON
the SKULL consists of these two kinds of bones
CRANIAL and FACIAL
the VERTEBRAL COLUMN consists of 24 vertebrae:
7 CERVICAL
12 THORACIC
5 LUMBAR
2 BONES composed of fused vertebrae, the SACRUM and COCCYX
this is formed by the sternum, thoracic vertebrae and (in mammals) 12 pairs of these
RIB CAGE
this division of the vertebrate skeleton is the bones of the limbs (arms and legs)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
this division of the vertebrate skeleton is composed of the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic (hip) girdle, which connect the limbs to the other division of the skeleton
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
this consists of 2 collar bones (CLAVICLES) and 2 shoulder bones (SCAPULAS) loosely attached to the vertebral column by muscles
THE PECTORAL GIRDLE
THE PECTORAL GIRDLE consists of what that are loosely attached to the vertebral column by muscles
2 collar bones (CLAVICLES);
2 shoulder bones (SCAPULAS)
this consists of a pair of large bones (each with 3 fused hipbones) fused to the vertebral column
THE PELVIC GIRDLE
THE PELVIC GIRDLE consists of what fused to the vertebral column
a pair of large bones (each with 3 fused hipbones)
each human limb consists of __ BONES and terminates in _ digits (fingers/toes)
30; 5
enumerate the 6 bones from shoulder to fingertips:
HUMERUS RADIUS ULNA CARPALS METACARPALS PHALANGES
enumerate the 7 bones from thighs to toes:
FEMUR PATELLA (kneecaps) FIBULA TIBIA TARSALS METATARSALS PHALANGES
a type of bone where the radius of the forearm rotates about its long axis and operates as a lever, moved by muscles
LONG BONES
these are covered by a connective tissue membrane (PERIOSTEUM) to which muscle tendons and ligaments attach
LONG BONES
LONG BONES are covered by a connective tissue membrane called what to which muscle tendons and ligaments attach
PERIOSTEUM
in children, a cartilage growth center (or __________) lies between the wide ends (or ______) and the main shaft (or _________) – becoming _________ at maturity
METAPHYSIS;
EPIPHYSES;
DIAPHYSIS;
EPIPHYSEAL LINES
long bones have a central cavity containing what
BONE MARROW
two kinds of BONE MARROW
YELLOW MARROW
RED MARROW
kind of BONE MARROW composed of fatty or adipose connective tissue
YELLOW MARROW
kind of BONE MARROW that produces blood cells
RED MARROW
LONG BONES has a thin outer shell of ____________ which is dense and hard
COMPACT BONE
this consists of interlocking OSTEONS containing OSTEOCYTES within lacunae, arranged in concentric circles around HAVERSIAN CANALS
COMPACT BONE
COMPACT BONE consists of interlocking __________ containing ____________ within lacunae, arranged in concentric circles around
_____________
OSTEONS;
OSTEOCYTES;
HAVERSIAN CANALS
in LONG BONES, beneath the compact bone, a network of __________ filled with __________ provides mechanical strength (shock absorber)
SPONGY BONE;
bone marrow
other term for BONE FORMATION
OSSIFICATION
during fetal development, long bones develop from these (endochondral bone development)
CARTILAGE TEMPLATES
where in a long bone do BONES ossify?
DIAPHYSIS and EPIPHYSES
other bones develop from a what according to intramembranous bone development
noncartilage, connective tissue scaffold
enumerate the 3 BONE CELLS
OSTEOBLASTS
OSTEOCYTES
OSTEOCLASTS
bone-building cells that secrete COLLAGEN
OSTEOBLASTS
OSTEOBLASTS secrete this chemical in interstitial fluid that crystallizes around collagen fibers to form hard matrix
HYDROXYAPATITE (calcium phosphate)
these are mature bone cells isolated within lacunae in the matrix
OSTEOCYTES
large, multinucleated cells that break down bone by releasing hydrogen ions to remove the calcium and collagen, which allows for the reabsorption of substances
OSTEOCLASTS
after the OSTEOCLASTS are done cleaning, they will what
go under apoptosis and signal other osteoblasts to rebuild the bone cells
these two bone cells continuously remodel bones in response to physical stress and other demands
OSTEOCLASTS and OSTEOBLASTS
as muscles develop with ____________, the bones thicken and become stronger
physical activity
as a bone grows, this is removed from its interior especially from the marrow cavity
tissue
in ____________, patients lose so much bone mass that bones become fragile, greatly increasing risk for fracture
OSTEOPOROSIS
junctions between two or more bones that allow flexibility and movement
JOINTS
other term for JOINTS
ARTICULATIONS
in joints, bone surfaces in contact are covered by what
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
freely movable joints are enclosed by a joint capsule of connective tissue containing a lubricant (called _________) and typically reinforced by _________
SYNOVIAL FLUID;
ligaments
