PLANT STRUCTURE AND GROWTH Flashcards
the basic plants body consists of these three
roots, stems, and leaves
______ plants produce hard, lignified secondary tissues; ________ plants do not
WOODY; HERBACEOUS
three types of plants based on the duration of their life cycles
ANNUALS
BIENNIALS
PERENNIALS
are herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce, and die in one year or less
ANNUALS
are herbaceous plants that take two years to complete their life cycles
BIENNIALS
are herbaceous and woody plants that live for more than two years
PERENNIALS
under certain conditions, aerial stems of herbaceous perennials may ________; underground parts become _________
die back; dormant
all woody plants are _________
perennials
plants that shed their leaves with the season
DECIDUOUS
plants that do not shed their leaves
EVERGREEN
what are vascular plants?
plants that have to carry water and nutrients to all the different parts using roots, stems, etc
what are nonvascular plants?
plants that do not have to carry water and nutrients to all the different parts, thus they do not have roots, stems, etc.
vascular plants are usually organized into an ___________ and _________ system
underground root; aerial shoot
the ______ system consists of a stem, leaves, and in flowering plants, flowers and fruits
aerial
these branch extensively through the soil, anchor the plant firmly in place, and absorb water and dissolved minerals
roots
two types of tissues
SIMPLE TISSUES
COMPLEX TISSUES
differentiate simple to complex tissues
SIMPLE TISSUES only have one kind of cell
while COMPLEX TISSUES have two or more kinds of cell
roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are organs composed of all three ____________
tissue systems
enumerate the three tissue systems
GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM
this tissue system has a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and support
GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
this tissue system conducts substances such as water, dissolved minerals, and food (dissolved sugar) throughout the plant body
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
this tissue system provides a covering for the plant body
DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM
enumerate the three types of simple tissue
PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
describe the simple tissue PARENCHYMA
- composed of parenchyma cells
- photosynthesis, storage, secretion
- can differentiate into other kinds of cells
- alive; metabolically alive
describe the simple tissue COLLENCHYMA
- composed of collenchyma cells
- an extremely flexible structural support
- primary cell walls are thickened in corners
- alive at maturity
describe the simple tissue SCLERENCHYMA
- composed of sclerenchyma cells
- specialized for structural support
- has primary walls & strong secondary walls
- mature, functioning cells are dead
these allow exchange of substances between adjacent living sclerenchyma cells
PITS (thin areas in secondary walls)
are sclerenchyma cells of variable shape common in shells of nuts and in stones of fruits
SCLEREIDS
are long, tapered cells that occur in clumps in wood, inner bark, and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants
FIBERS
which simple tissue’s cell walls contain predominantly CELLULOSE, with some hemicelluloses and pectin
PARENCHYMA
which simple tissue’s cell walls contain large quantities of PECTIN, plus cellulose and hemicelluloses
COLLENCHYMA
which simple tissue’s cell walls are rich in LIGNIN, in addition to cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin
SCLERENCHYMA
is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1, four bonds, forming a ribbonlike chain
CELLULOSE
40-70 chains of cellulose lie ________ to one another and connect by _________ to form a _______________, cemented together by a matrix of _________ and __________
parallel; H bonding;
cellulose microfibril; hemicelluloses and pectins
are polysaccharides that vary in composition, as some are composed of xyloglucan
HEMICELLULOSE
is a polysaccharide of α-galacturonic acid monomers
PECTIN
is a strengthening polymer made up of monomers derived from certain amino acids
LIGNIN
the vascular tissue system is embedded in the _________
ground tissue
this tissue system transports needed materials throughout the plant via xylem and phloem
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to stems and leaves, and provides structural support
XYLEM
in flowering plants, xylem is composed of four cell types:
TRACHEIDS
VESSEL ELEMENTS
FIBERS
XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS
cells with these cell types in xylem conduct water and dissolved minerals
TRACHEIDS and VESSEL ELEMENTS
cells with this cell type in xylem provide support
FIBERS
cells with this cell type in xylem perform storage functions
XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS
TRACHEIDS and VESSEL ELEMENTS undergo what during development?
APOPTOSIS, mature cells are dead and hollow
conduct water upward from roots to shoots; water passes from one from other through wide pits
TRACHEIDS
with perforations in their end walls, are stacked one on top of the other
VESSEL ELEMENTS
these allow lateral transport
PITS
conducts carbohydrates formed in photosynthesis throughout the plant, and provides structural support
PHLOEM
in flowering plants, phloem is composed of four cell types:
SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS
COMPANION CELLS
FIBERS
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA CELLS
cells with these cell types in phloem work together to transport carbohydrates
SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS and COMPANION CELLS
cells with this cell type in phloem provide additional support
FIBERS
these are joined end to end, forming long sieve tubes, which conduct dissolved food materials through the plant
SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS
these have holes through which cytoplasm extends from one sieve tube element into the next
SIEVE PLATES
SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS are living in maturity, but what?
many organelles disintegrate or shrink as they mature
adjacent to each sieve tube element is a ___________ that helps move sugar into the sieve tube elements
companion cell
the companion cell is ______; its ________ is thought to direct activities of both the companion cell and sieve tube element
living; nucleus
these link a companion cell with its adjoining sieve tube element
PLASMODESMATA
in herbaceous plants, the dermal tissue system is the _______
epidermis
woody plants initially produce an _____; but a _______ replaces it with outer bark
epidermis; periderm
a single layer of flattened, relatively unspecialized living cells (specialized guard cells/trichromes) dispersed among them
epidermis
epidermal cells of aerial parts secrete a waxy cuticle over the surface, which does what?
restricts water loss
these facilitate diffusion of gases across the cuticle
STOMATA
these are special outgrowths on the epidermis with a variety of functions
TRICHROMES
in salty environments, trichromes do what?
remove excess salt
in desert plants, trichromes do what?
increase reflection of light, cooling internal tissues
in stinging nettle, trichromes are what?
contain irritating chemicals
these are simple trichromes that increase surface area, increasing absorption
ROOT HAIRS
a complex tissue composed mainly of cork cells and cork parenchyma cells
PERIDERM
as a woody plant increases in girth, epidermis is ___________, exposing the periderm, which forms the _________
sloughed off (removed); outer bark
cork cells are ___ by maturity; their _______-coated walls reduce water loss
dead; suberin
cork parenchyma cells function primarily in what
storage
meristematic cells do not differentiate – they retain the ability to what
divide by mitosis
differentiate roots and stems with leaves and flowers in terms of determinate and indeterminate growth
• roots and stems grow throughout a plant’s life (indeterminate growth), leaves and flowers stop growing after reaching a certain size (determinate growth)
two types of growth
PRIMARY GROWTH
SECONDARY GROWTH
type of plant growth classified by the increase in stem/root length
PRIMARY GROWTH
all plants have this kind of growth: in producing an entire plant body in herbaceous plants and shoots and roots in woody trees and shrubs
PRIMARY GROWTH
type of plant growth classified by the increase in plant girth
SECONDARY GROWTH
_______ and ___________ have secondary growth; wood and bark are produced by secondary growth
gymnosperms and woody eudicots
primary growth occurs in _____________, located at tips of roots and shoots, including buds
APICAL MERISTEMS
a protective _______ covers the root apical meristem, where cells are continually dividing
ROOT CAP
behind the meristem is an area of _________, where tissues begin to differentiate
cell elongation
root hairs appear ___________, where most cells have completely differentiated and are fully mature
farther up the tip
a __________, such as the terminal bud, is a dome of meristematic cells (shoot apical meristem)
shoot apex
____________ (developing leaves) and ____________ (developing buds) arise from shoot apical meristem
leaf primordia; bud primordia
as cells formed by shoot apical meristem elongate, the shoot apical meristem is pushed to which direction?
upward
farther from the stem tip, immature cells differentiate into what
the three tissue systems of the mature plant body
the increase in girth is due to cell divisions in ________________, extending along the entire length of stems and roots except at the tips
lateral meristems
these lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth, which forms secondary tissues: secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and periderm
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
CORK CAMBIUM
the layer of meristematic cells between the wood and bark
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
this lateral meristem adds more cells to the wood and inner bark
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
the cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic cells in the outer bark
CORK CAMBIUM
the cell division in this lateral meristem forms cork cells toward outside and underlying layers of cork parenchyma for storage
CORK CAMBIUM
collectively, cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma make up the _________
PERIDERM
is the outermost covering of woody stems and roots
BARK
consists of all plant tissues outside of the vascular cambium
BARK
the living inner bark is composed of what
secondary phloem
the mostly dead outer bark is composed of what
periderm
