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BIOLOGY > PLANT STRUCTURE AND GROWTH > Flashcards

PLANT STRUCTURE AND GROWTH Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the basic plants body consists of these three

A

roots, stems, and leaves

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2
Q

______ plants produce hard, lignified secondary tissues; ________ plants do not

A

WOODY; HERBACEOUS

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3
Q

three types of plants based on the duration of their life cycles

A

ANNUALS
BIENNIALS
PERENNIALS

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4
Q

are herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce, and die in one year or less

A

ANNUALS

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5
Q

are herbaceous plants that take two years to complete their life cycles

A

BIENNIALS

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6
Q

are herbaceous and woody plants that live for more than two years

A

PERENNIALS

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7
Q

under certain conditions, aerial stems of herbaceous perennials may ________; underground parts become _________

A

die back; dormant

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8
Q

all woody plants are _________

A

perennials

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9
Q

plants that shed their leaves with the season

A

DECIDUOUS

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10
Q

plants that do not shed their leaves

A

EVERGREEN

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11
Q

what are vascular plants?

A

plants that have to carry water and nutrients to all the different parts using roots, stems, etc

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12
Q

what are nonvascular plants?

A

plants that do not have to carry water and nutrients to all the different parts, thus they do not have roots, stems, etc.

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13
Q

vascular plants are usually organized into an ___________ and _________ system

A

underground root; aerial shoot

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14
Q

the ______ system consists of a stem, leaves, and in flowering plants, flowers and fruits

A

aerial

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15
Q

these branch extensively through the soil, anchor the plant firmly in place, and absorb water and dissolved minerals

A

roots

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16
Q

two types of tissues

A

SIMPLE TISSUES

COMPLEX TISSUES

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17
Q

differentiate simple to complex tissues

A

SIMPLE TISSUES only have one kind of cell

while COMPLEX TISSUES have two or more kinds of cell

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18
Q

roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are organs composed of all three ____________

A

tissue systems

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19
Q

enumerate the three tissue systems

A

GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

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20
Q

this tissue system has a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and support

A

GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM

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21
Q

this tissue system conducts substances such as water, dissolved minerals, and food (dissolved sugar) throughout the plant body

A

VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

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22
Q

this tissue system provides a covering for the plant body

A

DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

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23
Q

enumerate the three types of simple tissue

A

PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA

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24
Q

describe the simple tissue PARENCHYMA

A
  • composed of parenchyma cells
  • photosynthesis, storage, secretion
  • can differentiate into other kinds of cells
  • alive; metabolically alive
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25
Q

describe the simple tissue COLLENCHYMA

A
  • composed of collenchyma cells
  • an extremely flexible structural support
  • primary cell walls are thickened in corners
  • alive at maturity
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26
Q

describe the simple tissue SCLERENCHYMA

A
  • composed of sclerenchyma cells
  • specialized for structural support
  • has primary walls & strong secondary walls
  • mature, functioning cells are dead
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27
Q

these allow exchange of substances between adjacent living sclerenchyma cells

A

PITS (thin areas in secondary walls)

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28
Q

are sclerenchyma cells of variable shape common in shells of nuts and in stones of fruits

A

SCLEREIDS

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29
Q

are long, tapered cells that occur in clumps in wood, inner bark, and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants

A

FIBERS

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30
Q

which simple tissue’s cell walls contain predominantly CELLULOSE, with some hemicelluloses and pectin

A

PARENCHYMA

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31
Q

which simple tissue’s cell walls contain large quantities of PECTIN, plus cellulose and hemicelluloses

A

COLLENCHYMA

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32
Q

which simple tissue’s cell walls are rich in LIGNIN, in addition to cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin

A

SCLERENCHYMA

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33
Q

is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by β-1, four bonds, forming a ribbonlike chain

A

CELLULOSE

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34
Q

40-70 chains of cellulose lie ________ to one another and connect by _________ to form a _______________, cemented together by a matrix of _________ and __________

A

parallel; H bonding;

cellulose microfibril; hemicelluloses and pectins

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35
Q

are polysaccharides that vary in composition, as some are composed of xyloglucan

A

HEMICELLULOSE

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36
Q

is a polysaccharide of α-galacturonic acid monomers

A

PECTIN

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37
Q

is a strengthening polymer made up of monomers derived from certain amino acids

A

LIGNIN

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38
Q

the vascular tissue system is embedded in the _________

A

ground tissue

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39
Q

this tissue system transports needed materials throughout the plant via xylem and phloem

A

VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

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40
Q

conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to stems and leaves, and provides structural support

A

XYLEM

41
Q

in flowering plants, xylem is composed of four cell types:

A

TRACHEIDS
VESSEL ELEMENTS
FIBERS
XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS

42
Q

cells with these cell types in xylem conduct water and dissolved minerals

A

TRACHEIDS and VESSEL ELEMENTS

43
Q

cells with this cell type in xylem provide support

A

FIBERS

44
Q

cells with this cell type in xylem perform storage functions

A

XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS

45
Q

TRACHEIDS and VESSEL ELEMENTS undergo what during development?

A

APOPTOSIS, mature cells are dead and hollow

46
Q

conduct water upward from roots to shoots; water passes from one from other through wide pits

A

TRACHEIDS

47
Q

with perforations in their end walls, are stacked one on top of the other

A

VESSEL ELEMENTS

48
Q

these allow lateral transport

A

PITS

49
Q

conducts carbohydrates formed in photosynthesis throughout the plant, and provides structural support

A

PHLOEM

50
Q

in flowering plants, phloem is composed of four cell types:

A

SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS
COMPANION CELLS
FIBERS
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA CELLS

51
Q

cells with these cell types in phloem work together to transport carbohydrates

A

SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS and COMPANION CELLS

52
Q

cells with this cell type in phloem provide additional support

A

FIBERS

53
Q

these are joined end to end, forming long sieve tubes, which conduct dissolved food materials through the plant

A

SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS

54
Q

these have holes through which cytoplasm extends from one sieve tube element into the next

A

SIEVE PLATES

55
Q

SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS are living in maturity, but what?

A

many organelles disintegrate or shrink as they mature

56
Q

adjacent to each sieve tube element is a ___________ that helps move sugar into the sieve tube elements

A

companion cell

57
Q

the companion cell is ______; its ________ is thought to direct activities of both the companion cell and sieve tube element

A

living; nucleus

58
Q

these link a companion cell with its adjoining sieve tube element

A

PLASMODESMATA

59
Q

in herbaceous plants, the dermal tissue system is the _______

A

epidermis

60
Q

woody plants initially produce an _____; but a _______ replaces it with outer bark

A

epidermis; periderm

61
Q

a single layer of flattened, relatively unspecialized living cells (specialized guard cells/trichromes) dispersed among them

A

epidermis

62
Q

epidermal cells of aerial parts secrete a waxy cuticle over the surface, which does what?

A

restricts water loss

63
Q

these facilitate diffusion of gases across the cuticle

A

STOMATA

64
Q

these are special outgrowths on the epidermis with a variety of functions

A

TRICHROMES

65
Q

in salty environments, trichromes do what?

A

remove excess salt

66
Q

in desert plants, trichromes do what?

A

increase reflection of light, cooling internal tissues

67
Q

in stinging nettle, trichromes are what?

A

contain irritating chemicals

68
Q

these are simple trichromes that increase surface area, increasing absorption

A

ROOT HAIRS

69
Q

a complex tissue composed mainly of cork cells and cork parenchyma cells

A

PERIDERM

70
Q

as a woody plant increases in girth, epidermis is ___________, exposing the periderm, which forms the _________

A

sloughed off (removed); outer bark

71
Q

cork cells are ___ by maturity; their _______-coated walls reduce water loss

A

dead; suberin

72
Q

cork parenchyma cells function primarily in what

A

storage

73
Q

meristematic cells do not differentiate – they retain the ability to what

A

divide by mitosis

74
Q

differentiate roots and stems with leaves and flowers in terms of determinate and indeterminate growth

A

• roots and stems grow throughout a plant’s life (indeterminate growth), leaves and flowers stop growing after reaching a certain size (determinate growth)

75
Q

two types of growth

A

PRIMARY GROWTH

SECONDARY GROWTH

76
Q

type of plant growth classified by the increase in stem/root length

A

PRIMARY GROWTH

77
Q

all plants have this kind of growth: in producing an entire plant body in herbaceous plants and shoots and roots in woody trees and shrubs

A

PRIMARY GROWTH

78
Q

type of plant growth classified by the increase in plant girth

A

SECONDARY GROWTH

79
Q

_______ and ___________ have secondary growth; wood and bark are produced by secondary growth

A

gymnosperms and woody eudicots

80
Q

primary growth occurs in _____________, located at tips of roots and shoots, including buds

A

APICAL MERISTEMS

81
Q

a protective _______ covers the root apical meristem, where cells are continually dividing

A

ROOT CAP

82
Q

behind the meristem is an area of _________, where tissues begin to differentiate

A

cell elongation

83
Q

root hairs appear ___________, where most cells have completely differentiated and are fully mature

A

farther up the tip

84
Q

a __________, such as the terminal bud, is a dome of meristematic cells (shoot apical meristem)

A

shoot apex

85
Q

____________ (developing leaves) and ____________ (developing buds) arise from shoot apical meristem

A

leaf primordia; bud primordia

86
Q

as cells formed by shoot apical meristem elongate, the shoot apical meristem is pushed to which direction?

A

upward

87
Q

farther from the stem tip, immature cells differentiate into what

A

the three tissue systems of the mature plant body

88
Q

the increase in girth is due to cell divisions in ________________, extending along the entire length of stems and roots except at the tips

A

lateral meristems

89
Q

these lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth, which forms secondary tissues: secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and periderm

A

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

CORK CAMBIUM

90
Q

the layer of meristematic cells between the wood and bark

A

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

91
Q

this lateral meristem adds more cells to the wood and inner bark

A

VASCULAR CAMBIUM

92
Q

the cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic cells in the outer bark

A

CORK CAMBIUM

93
Q

the cell division in this lateral meristem forms cork cells toward outside and underlying layers of cork parenchyma for storage

A

CORK CAMBIUM

94
Q

collectively, cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma make up the _________

A

PERIDERM

95
Q

is the outermost covering of woody stems and roots

A

BARK

96
Q

consists of all plant tissues outside of the vascular cambium

A

BARK

97
Q

the living inner bark is composed of what

A

secondary phloem

98
Q

the mostly dead outer bark is composed of what

A

periderm

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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