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Year 3 Oral Biology > Stem Cells in Dentistry > Flashcards

Stem Cells in Dentistry Flashcards

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1
Q

define + examples totipotent

A

capable of giving origin to new individual (eg fertilised egg and first 4 cells produced by its division)

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2
Q

define + examples pluripotent

A

can differentiate in to almost all types of adult cell types but NOT foetal/ adult animal (eg empbryonic stem cells, neural crest cells)

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3
Q

define + examples multipotent

A

gives rise to more than 1 type of specialised cell eg adult mesenchymal stem cells

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4
Q

define + examples oligopotent

A

differentiate in to a few cell types ig myeloid stem cells

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5
Q

define + examples unipotent

A

differentiate in to a single cell type eg skin cells

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6
Q

4 major groups of stem cells

A

EFAI:

  • embryonic (ES)
  • foetal tissue/ umbilical cord
  • adult (stomatic) stem cells
  • induced pluripotent (iPS, synthetic)
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7
Q

3 types of adult stem cells

A
  • haemopoietic (in blood)
  • mesenchymal (MSCs, derived from bone marrow BMMSCs)
  • MSCs from dental tissues (derived from neural crest cells –> diff uses to other MSCs)
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8
Q

properties of stem cells

A

Stem Cells Definietely Don’t Make Things Easy:

  • Self-renewal
  • Clonogenicity
  • Daughter cells
  • Differentiate in adult organism (bc they are immature and unspecialised)
  • Markers (express verifies stem cell markers)
  • Transplantable from one area –> grow in to a different type of tissue
  • Experimentally induced to differentiate in to various cell lineages
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9
Q

5 types of dental stem cells

A
  • Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)
  • Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Decidious teeth (SHED)
  • Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs)
  • Dental Follicle Stem/Progenitor Cells (DFSCs/ DFPCs)
  • Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla (SCAP)
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10
Q

sources of dental stem cells

A

dental pulp, eg exfoliated decidious teeth, extracted teeth (esp wisdom teeth) all pulp can be used as dental stem cells but it is unethical to use when in vivo

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11
Q

applications for dental stem cells BIC MEG

A

BIC MEG

  • Bio teeth (engineering new teeth)
  • Implantology (bone formation)
  • Craniofacial regeneration
  • Medical (eg tx of liver disease, muscular dystrophy, stroke, diabetes, spinal cord regeneration, cardiac repair
  • Endodontics (pulp regeneration)
  • Guided tissue regeneration (periodontal regeneration)
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12
Q

main function of Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)

A

tertiary dentine formation during tissue injury/ repair

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13
Q

experimental findings of DPSCs

A
  • odontoblast-like cells –> sialophosphoprotein –> dentine tubules
  • forms pulp-dentine complex when it has HA (in mice)
  • in vitro –> fat, nerves, cartilage, muscle
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14
Q

what are DPSCs NOT good at

A

making bone (osteogenic potential)

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15
Q

experimental findings of -Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Decidious teeth (SHED)

A
  • in vitro –> bone, fat, nerves, muscle, cartilage

- can repair skull defects (in mice)

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16
Q

what are SHEDs NOT good at

A

dentine-pulp complex in vivo

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17
Q

experimental findings of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs)

A

–> bone, cementum, fat, cartilage, nerves, fibroblasts

18
Q

what is the apical papilla

A

soft tissues at apices of developing teeth

19
Q

what stem cells are found in
a. perivascular
b. perineural sheath
regions

A

a. perivascular: DPSCs, PDLSCs, SCAP

b. perineural sheath: DPSCs

20
Q

problems with isolation of stem cells

A
  • lack of specific markers
  • not clear where stem cells reside/ able to retain potency
  • large numbers needed for cell replacement therapies –> in vitro expansion required
21
Q

define tissue engineering

A

tissues and organs regenerated by stem cell transplantation with/without scaffold to reconstruct and restore function of damaged/ diseased organs/ tissues

22
Q

define organ replacement therapy

A

3D cell manipulation in vitro –> bioengineered, fully functioning organ to replace dysfunctional organ

23
Q

4 thngs needed for stem cell therapy

A

SSSG

  • stem cells
  • signalling molecules
  • scaffold
  • growth factors
24
Q

explain ‘scaffold’ and eg

A

base on which stem cells proliferate.

biodegradable material that can be synthetic polymer or processed biological products eg collagen

25
Q

5 current treatment options for perio

A

-disease control intervention (eg RSD)
-bone/ HA grafts
-guided tissue regeneration using barrier membranes
-Growth factors / host modulating agents
(in development: PDLSCs)

26
Q

5 factors for successful regeneration of periodontium

A

BASEC

  • alvolar Bone restored
  • Acellular cementum
  • Sharpey fibres must insert in to acellular cementum and alveolar bone
  • Epithelial seal must form to prevent migration of epithelial cells in to the defect
  • gingival Connective tissue
27
Q

method of using stem cells for periodontal redevelopment

A
  • isolate PDLSCs
  • expand PDLSCs
  • transplant PDLSCs in to animal models with surgically-created periodontal defects
28
Q

carrier used in PDLSC periodontal redevelopment

A

HA/ tricalcium phosphate (TCP)

29
Q

what structures are re-formed using PDLSC periodontal redevelopment

A

PDL, cementum

30
Q

stem cells used for dentine/ pulp regeneration

A

DPSCs, SHED

31
Q

why are dentine/ pulp regeneration considered together

A

dentine regeneration relies on vital pulp

32
Q

what is needed as well as stem cells in dentine/ pulp regeneration

A

BMP2

33
Q

problem with dentine/ pulp regeneration

A

re-vascularisation

34
Q

when would dentine/ pulp regeneration be used

A

endodontic disease

35
Q

method of dentine/ pulp regeneration

A

self-assembling peptide hydrogel poured in to pulp chamber –> slef-polymerises under physiological conditons –> solid gel capable of supporting cell growth and differentiation

36
Q

stem cell types used for

a. periodontal disease
b. caries/ pulp injury
c. tooth regeneration
d. root regeneration

A

a. periodontal disease: PDLSCs, DFPCs
b. caries/ pulp injury: DPSCs, SHED, SCAP
c. tooth regeneration: DPSCs, SHED, SCAP
d. root regeneration: SCAPs (dentine), PDLSCs (PDL)

37
Q

how does root regeneration work

A

metal implant:

  • HA/ TCP carrier with SCAP –> root dentine
  • gelfoam carrier with PDLSCs –> PDL
38
Q

method of whole tooth regeneration (also see pics)

A

epithelial + mesenchymal cells –> bioengineered tooth germ –> transplantation of tooth germ–> eruption

39
Q

method of whole tooth replacement

A

epithelial + mesenchymal cells –> bioengineered tooth germ –> bioengineered tooth unit (mature tooth + periodontal tissue) –> transplantation of tooth unit –> bone/ surrounding structures heal around tooth unit

40
Q

main difference between current bioengineered teeth and real teeth

A

bioengineered teeth are smaller

41
Q

problem of ex vivo expanded cells

A

controlling/ preventing transformation

Year 3 Oral Biology (13 decks)

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