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Basic Immunology- Module 1 > Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine > Flashcards

Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is regenerative medicine?

A

repair of functionally compromised cells; tissues or organs by biological substitutes or stimulation of endogenous process

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2
Q

What are the advantages of using primary cells?

A

autologous

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3
Q

what are the disadvantages of using primary cells?

A

limited availability; low yield; poor growth rate

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4
Q

What is self-renewl?

A

a cell divides to generate daughter cells equivalent to the mother cell

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5
Q

What is cell potency?

A

rang of differentiation options availble to a cell?

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6
Q

Waht is a totipotent cell?

A

has the capacity to form an entire organsim

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7
Q

Give an example of a totipotent ell?

A

zygote

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8
Q

What is a multipotent cell?

A

can form multiple cell types that constitute the entire tissue or tissues

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9
Q

What is a pluripotent cell?

A

ablt to form all the body’s cell lineages including germ cells

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10
Q

What can pluripotent cells not generate?

A

placenta and embryo

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11
Q

Give an eample of a multipotent cell?

A

haematopoietic stem cell

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12
Q

Give an example of a pluripotent cell?

A

human embryonic stem cell

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13
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

tissue specific- only localise in one specific region of the tissue

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14
Q

What is the self-renewal capacity of adult stem cells?

A

niche-dependent (the environemtn of hte specific area where they are located), capable of life long self-renewal

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15
Q

Waht type of cell are adult stem cells?

A

multipotent

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16
Q

What tumour are adult stem cells not able to form?

A

teratoms

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17
Q

Where are hair follicle stem cells found?

A

only in bulge region of hair follicle

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18
Q

Where are intestinal stem cells found?

A

only at bottom of crypts

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19
Q

Where are haematopoietic stem cells found?

A

long-term stem cells: close to osteoblasts; short-term stem cells: mear to blood vessels

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20
Q

What were mesenchymal stem cells originally named stem cells?

A

a class of cells from human bone marrow and periosteum that can be isolated and expanded in cultre and induced to form a variety of mesodermal phenotypes and tissues

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21
Q

What is thought to be the function of mesenchymal stem cells now?

A

immunomodulatory and trophic- not multipotent stem cells

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22
Q

What were mesenchymal stem cells orginially named?

A

a subpopulation of bone marrow cells that can generate bone, cartilage and adipocytes in vitro–then it was thought that these bone marrow stromal cells could form other mesodermal tissues

23
Q

What is the advantages of adult stem cells in regernative medicine?

A

can be autologous; ready to use

24
Q

What is the disadvantge of using adult stem cells in regenerative medicine?

A

limited expansion; resitrcted cell potency- cannot generate all cell types

25
Q

Where are pluripotent stem cells from in regenerative medicine?

A

inner cell mass of pre-implantation embryos -ESCs or from manipulation of somatic cell types- induced PSCs

26
Q

What is an embryoid body?

A

aggregate of PSCs that have differentiated into the germ layers

27
Q

What is the advantages of ESCs or PSCs in cell therapy?

A

can be expanded to a lrge amount of cell;s capable of generation of all cell types

28
Q

What are the challenges of using ESCs or PSCs in cell therapy?

A

differentiation of specific cell types (what environment?) ; integration and survival of cells in vivo; immune rejection; tumorigenesis

29
Q

How are PSCs induced to differentiate?

A

medium supplementation; co-culture; gene transduction

30
Q

How can immune rejection be reudced?

A

stem cell bank; immune suppression; immune tolerance; reprogramming patietns own cells to pluripotent stem cells

31
Q

How is tumorigenesis prevented?

A

generation of iPSCs without changing genomic DNA; optimal hPSC culture conditions (maintain genomic stability); eliminating undifferentiated hPSC before transplantation e.g by FACS sorting; suicidal hPSC derived cells

32
Q

What are the features of suicidal hPSC-derived cells?

A

put a toxic gene and if the cell transforms the promoter turns on toxic gene to kill the cell

33
Q

What factors can facilitiate direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons?

A

Ascl1; Brn2; Mytl1

34
Q

What is a pluripotent cell?

A

differentiate into itssue from all 3 germ layers

35
Q

What is a multipotent stem ell?

A

can differentiate into tissue derived from a single germ layer

36
Q

What potency do tissue-resident stem cells have?

A

oligopotent as can form terminally differentiated cells of a specific tissue

37
Q

What 2 types of tissue do totipotent cells form?

A

embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue

38
Q

What are unipotenet cells?

A

can self renew and differentiate into only one specific cell type and form a singel lineage

39
Q

What does the outer cell mass of the blastocyst form?

A

the placenta

40
Q

What transcription factors can help identify embryonic stem cells?

A

Nanog and Oct4

41
Q

What is the function of Nanog and Oct4?

A

maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state, capable of self-renewal

42
Q

What is an embryoid body?

A

all 3 germ layers are present in

43
Q

What culture conditions maintain ESCs in an undifferentiated state?

A

feeder layer of embryonic fibroblast cells or medium that contains the anti-differentiation cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor

44
Q

What is the function of a stem cell niche where tissue-resident stem cells reside?

A

a microenvironemnt that controls the self-renewal and differentation of the tissue resident stem clels

45
Q

What state are the majority of tissue -resident stem cells usually in?

A

dormant until are activated by specific signals during injury and repair

46
Q

What is symmetrical cell division?

A

stem cell division that results in identical daughter cells

47
Q

Why is stem cell homeostasis important?

A

uncontrolled increase in stem cell proliferation could lead to hyperplasia or carcinogenesis while a reduction in stem cells would impair organ repair

48
Q

What is asymmetric division?

A

stem cell geenrates an identical daughter cell and a second differentiated daughter cells

49
Q

What is the function of asymmetric divison?

A

allows for organ repair and regeneration while maintaining a population of stem cells

50
Q

What cells are iPSCs produced from?

A

adult somatic cells

51
Q

What transcription factors are needed for the production of iPSCs?

A

Oct3/4; Sox2; Klf4 and c-Myc

52
Q

What is used to introduce the reprogamming factors into adult cells to produce iPSCs?

A

retroviral vectors

53
Q

How do adult stem cells promote repair of tissues?

A

secrete molecular mediators with anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, angiogenic and chemoattractant properties

Basic Immunology- Module 1 (31 decks)

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