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Basic Immunology- Module 1 > Dendritic Cells > Flashcards

Dendritic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of NOD-like receptors?

A

intracellular sensors of bacterial infection and cellular damage

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2
Q

What is the general function of RIG-I-like receptors?

A

detect cytoplasmic viral RNAs

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3
Q

What pathway fo RIG-I-like receptors trigger?

A

MAVS

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4
Q

What is the function of activating MAVS pathway?

A

induce type 1 interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokine production

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5
Q

What is the special function of dendritic cells?

A

only true professional APC with ability to activate naive T cells

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6
Q

What cells are considered professional APCs?

A

B cells; macrophages and dendritic cells

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7
Q

What are hte features of dendritic cell biology which make it suited for initiating immune responses?

A

efficient at antigen presentation; accumulate within T cell areas of lymphoid organs and ability to polarise T cells

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8
Q

What is the dramatic structual reorganisation of dendritic cell maturation known as?

A

phenotypic maturation

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9
Q

What are the features of immature dendritic cells?

A

peripheral and lymphoid tissues; highly endocytic; low surface MHC-II and costimulators

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10
Q

What is the main function of immature DCs?

A

antigen accumulation

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11
Q

What is the main function of mature DCs?

A

T cell stimulation

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12
Q

What are the features of mature DCs?

A

foudn in lymphoid tissues; endocytosis reduced; high surface MHC-II and costimulators

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13
Q

What do DCs process antigens into for presentation?

A

proteolytic peptides

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14
Q

Where do DCs mature?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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15
Q

What causes DCs to mature?

A

pathogen derived danger signals ; pathogen derived TLR ligands

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16
Q

What changes in the function of the DC in maturation?

A

peptide loading; half-life and delivery of MHC molecules is increased; costimulatory molecules increases

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17
Q

What is the proteolytic apparatus in the endosomal-lysosomal system?

A

cathepsins and other lysosomal hydrolases

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18
Q

what is the proteolytic system in the cytosol?

A

proteasome

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19
Q

What causes MHC class II molecules to be actively diverted to lysosmes in immature state?

A

ubiquitination

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20
Q

What is ubiquitination?

A

proces of attachment of one or many subunits of ubiquitin to a target protein

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21
Q

What is the function of ubiquitin?

A

functions as a protein interaction module or to target protein for degradation by the proteasome

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22
Q

What happens initially to endocytosis in a maturing DC?

A

upregulated- increase chance of capturing pathogen

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23
Q

What chemokine receptor is upregulated in maturing DCs?

A

CCR7

24
Q

What receptors are involved in activating DC maturation?

A

toll-like receptors; cytokine receptors; TNF-receptor family; FcR; sensors for cell death

25
Q

What do plasmacytoid DCs produce in response to viral stimuli?

A

IFNa

26
Q

What is the function of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

allows uptake of macromolecules through specialised regions of hte plasm membrane-coated pits

27
Q

What is found on the outside of endocytic vesicles used in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

clathrin

28
Q

What is the binding of ligands to C-type lectins dependent on?

A

calcium

29
Q

What is a Langerhan cell?

A

dendritic cell in the skin

30
Q

What are C-type lectins important in the detection of?

A

fungi

31
Q

What was the first specific marker for dendritic cells?

A

DEC205

32
Q

What is the function of DEC205?

A

facilitates antigen presentation; endocytic capacity

33
Q

Give examples of tolerogenic signals for DCs?

A

TGFbeta; IL10; PGE2

34
Q

What do regulatory DCs produce?

A

IL10; TGFbeta; IDO; PD-1; ARG

35
Q

What do stimulatory DCs produce?

A

IL12; IFNy; TNFa; IFNa; IL6

36
Q

What type of T cell do stimulatory DCs stimulate?

A

Th1; Th17 and Th2

37
Q

What phenotype of T cell do regulatory DC stimulate?

A

Treg and Tr1

38
Q

How do vaccine adjuvants work?

A

inducing DC maturation

39
Q

What allows peptide-MHC complexes to increase in mature DCs?

A

activation of lysosomes and antigen-processing machinery; enhanced peptide-MHC production and inhibition of MHC calss-II ubiquination

40
Q

What does the DCs function in orchestrating T cell polarisation mean?

A

direct the flavour and appropriateness of adaptive immunity

41
Q

How do DCs orchestrate T cell polarisation?

A

release of cytokines

42
Q

What are the functions of migratory dendritic cells?

A

act as sentinels in peripheral tissues and migrate to the lymph nodes through the lymphatics bearing antigens from the periphery to present to T cells

43
Q

What is the function of lymphoid tissue resident dendritic cells?

A

function and life are resitrctied to one lymphoid organs- collect, present foreign adn self-antigen in that lymphoid organ

44
Q

Give examples of lymphoid-tssue-resident dendritic cells?

A

thymic cDCs and splenic cDCs

45
Q

What are inflammatory dendritic cells?

A

DCs that are not normally present in the steady state but appear as a consequence of inflammation or microbial stimuli. can be produced by inflammatory monocytes

46
Q

What are the model migratory DCs?

A

Langerhand cells of the epidermis

47
Q

What is the phenotype of migratory DCs when they reach the lymph nodes?

A

mature

48
Q

What cytokine is required for DC development?

A

FLT3L

49
Q

What transcription factor is crucial in DC development?

A

STAT3

50
Q

What are the 4 stages of DC development?

A

bone marrow progenitors; precursor DCs; tissue-residing immature DCs and mature DCs

51
Q

What is a function of circulating DC precursors?

A

immediate reaction to pathogens by producting IFNa

52
Q

What factors induce and/or regulate DC maturation?

A

pathogen-related molecules e.g LPS; bacteria Dna nd dsRNA; blaance betwen pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals in the local environemnt ; T cell derived signals

53
Q

What costimulatory molecules are upregulated in DC maturation?

A

CD40; CD58; CD80; CD86

54
Q

What are the morphological changes accompanying DC maturation?

A

loss of adhesive structures; cytoskeleton reorganisation; acquisition of high cellular motility

55
Q

What chemokine receptor do maturing DCs express?

A

CCR7- sensitive to CCL19 and CCL21 which directs them to draining lymphoid tisse

Basic Immunology- Module 1 (31 decks)

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