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Basic Immunology- Module 1 > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the receptors/proteins used in self/nonself discrimination in innate immunity derive from?

A

germ line encoded

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2
Q

What is the function of lysozymes?

A

split bacterial cell wall

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3
Q

What is the function of lactoferrin?

A

deprives prolfierating bacteria of iron

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4
Q

What is the function of alpha and beta defensins?

A

bactericidal/anti-viral

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5
Q

What is the function of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor?

A

bactericidal, anti-viral by blocking viral DNA synthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of cathelicidin?

A

bactericidal, enhances mucin secretion

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7
Q

What type of infection are type I interferons produced in response to?

A

viral infection

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8
Q

What is the function of type I interferons?

A

induce an anti-viral state in surrounding cells, stimulate anti-viral interferon stimulated genes

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9
Q

What are the important functions of NK cells?

A

anti-viral responses and tumours

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10
Q

What does the inhibitory receptor on NK cells bind to?

A

MHC class I

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11
Q

What is the function of ILC1?

A

produce IFNy

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12
Q

What is the function of ILC2s?

A

type 2 cytokines- allergies

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13
Q

What is the function of ILC3s?

A

lymphoid tissue inducer, cytokines

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14
Q

What cytokines are ILC3s involved in making?

A

IL17A, IL22

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15
Q

What class of cell are NK cells foudn in?

A

innate lymphoid cells

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16
Q

What are the signs of localised inflammation?

A

redness; heat; swelling; pain and loss of function

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17
Q

What type of MHC do CD8+ cells recognise?

A

class I MHC

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18
Q

What is the function of class I MHC molecules?

A

report cells own internal environment by presenting proteins from the cells endogenous biosynthetic pathways

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19
Q

What cells express MHC class I?

A

all cells

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20
Q

What type of MHC class do CD4+ cells recognise?

A

class II MHC

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21
Q

What is the function of MHC class II?

A

report extracellular environemnt by presenting exogenous ingested proteins

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22
Q

What type of cells have class II MHC?

A

specialist antigen presenting cells

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23
Q

Where are T and B cell responses initiated?

A

specialised secondary lymphoid organs

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24
Q

What is the most efficient antigen processing and presenting cell?

A

dendritic cells

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25
Q

How are dendritic cells invovled in T cell development?

A

stimulate naive T cells-priming

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26
Q

What is the function of immature dendritic cells?

A

antigen capture

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27
Q

what is the function of mature dendritic cells?

A

antigen presentation

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28
Q

What are the 3 signals required for T cell activation?

A

1-antigen receptor (specificity); 2- costimulation; 3-cytokines

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29
Q

What is the function of cytokines in signal 3 of t cell activiation?

A

proliferation of T cells and determine T cell lineage

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30
Q

What is the general function of Th1 cells?

A

anti-bacterial

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31
Q

What is the general function of Th2 cells?

A

allergies

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32
Q

What cytokine is required to create a Th1 cell?

A

IL12

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33
Q

What cytokine do Th1 cells produce?

A

IFNy

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34
Q

What cytokine is needed to create Th2 cells?

A

IL4

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35
Q

What cytokine is produced by Th2 cells?

A

IL4

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36
Q

What cytokines are needed to make Tregs?

A

TGFb, IL2

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37
Q

What cytokine do Tregs produce?

A

IL10

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38
Q

What are the receptors for pathogen recognition generated in T and B cells?

A

random rearrangement and additions

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39
Q

where does central tolerance take place?

A

thymus

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40
Q

What is the difference in antibodies between the primary and secondary responses to infection?

A

B cells produce antibody of higher affinity by affinity maturation and different isotypes- class switching

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41
Q

What is the cytokine storm?

A

excessive inflammation in the lungs in infection can lead to daamage and occlusion of airways

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42
Q

what is toxic shock?

A

excessive production of pro-inflam cytokines can lead to circulatory collapse

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43
Q

What are the 3 types of phagocytes in the immune system?

A

macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells

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44
Q

What type of infection are eosinophils and basophils particularly important in fighting against?

A

parasitic

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45
Q

What is macropinocytosis?

A

process in which large amounts of extraceullar fluid are taken up into an intracellular vesicle

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46
Q

Give examples of pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

A

mannose-rich oligosaccharides; peptidoglycans; lipopolysaccharides of the bacterial cells wall; unmethylated CpG DNA

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47
Q

What is the structure of a toll-like receptor?

A

transmembrane

48
Q

How do toll-like receptors detect PAMPs?

A

extracellular bacteria or bacteria taken into vesicular pathways by phagocytosis

49
Q

Where are NOD-like receptors found in the cells?

A

cytoplasm

50
Q

What is the function of NOD-like receptors?

A

detect intracellular bacterial invasion

51
Q

What is the definition of a cytokine?

A

any protien secreted by an immune cell that affects yhte behaviour of nearby cells bearing hte appropriate receptors

52
Q

What si the definition of a chemokine?

A

secreted protein that acts as a chemoattractant; help organise cells in lymphoid tissue into discrete regions

53
Q

Where are innate lymphoid cells found?

A

peripheral tissues eg intestine

54
Q

what is hte function of innate lymphoid cells?

A

sources of mediators of inflammatory responses

55
Q

What do genes that produce the b cell receptors also produce?

A

immunoglobulins

56
Q

What is the effector form of B cells?

A

plasma cells

57
Q

What type of cell death results in the release of DAMPs?

A

necrosis

58
Q

Give examples of DAMPs?

A

HMGB1; IL1a and IL33

59
Q

Why do apoptotic cells activate the immune system?

A

marked by molecules on membrane that results in phagocytosis before rupturing

60
Q

Give an example of a molecule displayed on an apoptotic cell that marks it for phagocytosis?

A

phophatidyslerine

61
Q

How is detection by a particular class of PRR used to make the most appropriate response?

A

production of particular patterns of cytokines and chemokines

62
Q

Why are NK cells important in fighting against viral infections in particular?

A

viruses often interfere with MHC expression to avoid the adaptive immune system, which NK cells recognise

63
Q

What is the IgG receptor on NK cells used antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A

CD16

64
Q

What cytokines and chemokines do activated macrophages produce?

A

TNF; IL6; IL8 and IL12

65
Q

What is the function off TNF?

A

actiation of endothelium; initiation of cytokine production; upregulation of adhesion molecules

66
Q

What is the function of IL-6?

A

triggers produciton of acute phase proteins from the liver; enhances antibody production from B cells; induces T-cell polarisation

67
Q

What is the function of IL-8?

A

triggering of neutrophil, basophil and T cell chemotaxis, activation of neutrophils; promotes angiogenesis

68
Q

What si the function of IL-12?

A

activation of NK cells; polarisation of T-cells to T helper

69
Q

What causes pain in inflammation?

A

histamine irritation of nerve endings

70
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

migration through gaps in endothelial cells

71
Q

What is the function of TNFa and IL-1b secreted by activated macrophages?

A

trigger the exposure of P and E selectins on endothelial cells which increases their adhesiveness

72
Q

What causes the activation of mast cells?

A

C3a; C5a; PAMPs; damage

73
Q

What are the 2 pathways by which mast cells release mediators?

A

release of preformed granules; metabolism of araciodonic acid by activated phospholipase A2

74
Q

What causes neutrophil activation resulting in conformation changes in adhesion molecules on the cells surface?

A

chemotactic factors e.g IL8; complement products- C3a; C5a

75
Q

What is the name of neutrophil adhesion molecules?

A

integrins

76
Q

Give examples of integrins

A

CR3; LFA-1

77
Q

What is the name for the receptors that bind neutrophil integrins on endothelial cells?

A

ICAMs- intercellular cell adhesion molecules

78
Q

What chemokine is involved in the migration of monocytes?

A

monocyte chemotactic protein-1

79
Q

What si the function of monocytes to site of infection?

A

remove neutrophils and otehr debris and initate wound healing

80
Q

What do neutrophils bind to P and E selectins via?

A

sialyl-Lewis x interactions

81
Q

What is the function of lectin-like PRRs?

A

bind multivalently with specificty to microbial surface sugars with their characteristic rigid 3-D geometric configuration

82
Q

What is LPS also known as?

A

endotoxin

83
Q

What forms the PAMP-binding domain of TLRs?

A

N-terminal leucine-rich repeats

84
Q

What is the function of TLR9?

A

responds to unmethylated CpG DNA foudn in bacteria in the endosome

85
Q

What is the ligand for C-type lectin dectin-2?

A

mannose

86
Q

Give examples of C-type lectins?

A

macrophage mannose receptor; dectin-1; dectin-2

87
Q

What is the pathogen sensor domain in NLRs?

A

C-terminal leucine repeats

88
Q

What is foudn at the N-terminal of NLRs?

A

protein-protein interaction motif that enables these proteins to recruit proteases or kinases upon activation

89
Q

How are NLRs subdivided?

A

according to the motifs present at the N-terminal

90
Q

How do NLRs exist in an autoinhibited state?

A

N-terminal is curved back towards C-terminal to prevent N-terminal from contacting binding partners (proteases, kinases) in the cytoplasm

91
Q

What are the 4 different N-terminal domains found in NLRs?

A

AD, CARD, Pyrin and BIR

92
Q

How do TLRs promote NFkB-dependent transcription?

A

activation of the IkB (IKK) complex

93
Q

What is the TIR domain on a TLR?

A

Toll and IL-1 receptor like

94
Q

What is the function of IKK complex?

A

phosphorolates IkB an inhibitor of NFkB to which it is tethered in the cytosol

95
Q

What domain is found in all NLRs?

A

central NACHT domain

96
Q

What is required for the processing of IL-1b?

A

active caspase-1

97
Q

What is the inflammasome?

A

2 molecules of NLRP3 produced in a cell response to LPS

98
Q

What do RIG-I-like receptors respond to?

A

double stranded RNA from viruses

99
Q

What is the function of activation of RLRs?

A

activationg of NFkB and IRF3/4 which result in antiviral type 1 interferons

100
Q

Give examples of type 1 interferons?

A

IFNa and b; IL-1b; IL6; IL12; IL8

101
Q

Give examples of cytosolic DNA sensors?

A

AIM2 and IFI16

102
Q

What is the common adaptor for RIG-I-like receptors?

A

MAVS

103
Q

What happens when there is activation of cytosolic DNA sensors?

A

activation of caspase-1 and IL-1b processing; cell death

104
Q

What complex is formed following the activation og cytosolic DNA sensors?

A

pyrin-domain-containing adaptor (ASC)

105
Q

What are the 2 pathways by which STING can sense DNA?

A

direct binding or by response to GAMP

106
Q

How is GAMP produced?

A

generated by enzyme cGAS which synthesises cGAMP in response to cytosolic DNA

107
Q

What is the result of STING activation

A

activation of IRFs and NFkB dependennt gene transcription—type 1 interferons

108
Q

What is the fucntion of the scavenger receptor CD14?

A

responds to gram-negative LPS

109
Q

What can failure of CD14 result in?

A

septic shock

110
Q

What do scavenger receptors generally bind to?

A

anionic polymers; acetylated low-density proteins

111
Q

What is the main difference between scavenger receptors and otehr PRRs?

A

engagement is typically insufficient to initiate cytokine activation cascades by themselves

112
Q

What TLR is HMGB1 thought to bind to?

A

TLR4

113
Q

What is the function of IFNy to dendritic cells?

A

enhanced antigen presentation to T-cells

114
Q

What is the expression of B7 proteins controlled by?

A

NFkB

115
Q

What can cause the maturation of dendritic cells?

A

PAMPs; IL1; TNF

Basic Immunology- Module 1 (31 decks)

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