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Basic Immunology- Module 1 > Innate Immunity Receptors > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

indicator molecules of cellular infection, damage, stress or transformation

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2
Q

What cytokine are macrophages dependent on for self-renewal?

A

IL34

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3
Q

What is the function of patrolling monocytes?

A

survey for injury to the endothelium by rolling along the rndothelium

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4
Q

What do classical monocytes express on their surface?

A

CD14

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of dendritic cell?

A

conventional/classical and plasmocytoid

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6
Q

What is the main function of plasmocytoid dendritic cells?

A

production of type 1 interferons

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7
Q

What is the function of dectin-1 receptor?

A

recognises beta-1,3-linked glucans foudn on fungal cell walls

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8
Q

what cells express dectin-1?

A

macrophages; neutrophils and dendritic cells

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9
Q

What type of receptor is the mannose receptor?

A

C-type lectin

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10
Q

What cells are scavenger receptors found on?

A

macrophages

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11
Q

What is the function of scavenger receptors?

A

recognise various anionic polymers and cetylated low-density lipoproteins

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12
Q

what is the function of class A scavenger receptors?

A

bind various bacterial cell wall components and help internalise bacteria

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13
Q

Waht is the function of class B scavenger receptors?

A

bind HDL and internalise lipids

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14
Q

What pathogens are Toll-like receptors critical for defense against?

A

gram-positive bacteria and fungi

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15
Q

What is the function of Toll signalling?

A

induces expressiong of several host-defence mechsnism

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16
Q

What PAMP is recognised in a gram positive bacterial cell wall?

A

lipoteichoic acid

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17
Q

Waht PAMP is recognised in a gram negative bacterial cell wall?

A

lipopolysaccharide

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18
Q

What toll-like receptor recognises double stranded RNA (viruses)?

A

TLR3

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19
Q

What does TLR4 recognise?

A

LPS and LTA

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20
Q

What toll-like receptor recognises flagellin?

A

TLR5

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21
Q

What toll-like receptor is paired with TLR6?

A

TLR2

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22
Q

What TLR is paired with TLR1?

A

TLR2

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23
Q

What toll like receptors recognise single stranded RNA (viruses)

A

TLR7 and TLR-8

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24
Q

What TLR recognises DNA with unmethylated CpG?

A

TLR9

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25
Q

What organisms are found to have DNA with unmethylated CpG?

A

bacteria and herpesviruses

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26
Q

Are TLRs sensors for microbes in the intra/extraceullar environment?

A

extracellulae

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27
Q

What is the function of TLRs found on endosomes?

A

detect pathogens that have been taken up by phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis

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28
Q

What is the extracellular componenet of a TLR composed of?

A

leuceine-rich repeats

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29
Q

What happens when a toll-like receptor is activated?

A

formation of a dimer or induces conformational changes in a preformed TLR dimer

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30
Q

What is the foudn on the cytoplasmic tail of all toll-like receptors?

A

toll-IL-1 receptor domain

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31
Q

What other receptor is the TIR domain found in?

A

receptor for the cytokine interleukin-1beta

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32
Q

Where are TLR-1; TLR-2 and TLR-6 found?

A

cell surface

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33
Q

What can be used experimentally to activate TLR-3 by mimicking dsRNA?

A

poly I:C

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34
Q

What does the delivery of TLR-3; TLR7 and TLR8 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome rely upon?

A

UNC93B1

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35
Q

What does TLR-4 require to recognise LPS?

A

MD-2

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36
Q

What is needed to bind to LPS which has detached from the bacteria and is lying in the extracellular fluid?

A

LPS-binding protein

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37
Q

What does LPS-binding protein bind to in order to be presented to TLR-4?

A

CD14

38
Q

What do the TIR domains of TLRs interact with once activated?

A

TIR domains of cytoplasmic adaptor molecules that initiate intracellular signalling

39
Q

What are the 4 cytoplasmic adaptor molecules used by TLRs?

A

MyD88; MAL; TRIF and TRAM

40
Q

What cytoplasmic adaptor molecule does TLR3 use?

A

TRIF

41
Q

What transcription factor does most signalling by TLRs activate?

A

NFkappaB

42
Q

What cytoplasmic adaptor molecule do most TLRs use?

A

MyD88

43
Q

Apart from NFkB signalling, what other pathways do TLRs actiavte?

A

interferon regulatory factor family; activator protein 1 family

44
Q

What is the function of NFkB and AP1?

A

induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors

45
Q

What can happen with activation of NOD-like receptors?

A

activation of NFkB; pathway that induces cell death; production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

46
Q

How can subfamilies of NLRs be distinguished?

A

based on other proteins they contain

47
Q

What protein is foudn in the NOD subfamily of NLRs?

A

caspase recruitment domain

48
Q

What is the function of caspases?

A

induction of cell death

49
Q

What do NLRs detect?

A

signs of cellular stress of damage as well as microbial components

50
Q

What are the main receptors of the innate system?

A

complement; Fc receptors; NK cells receptors; PRRs

51
Q

What cells are Fc receptors found on?

A

all innate immune cells

52
Q

what is the function of hte Fc receptor?

A

binds aggregates of antibodies on pathogens surface; antiobdy dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (tumour lysis)

53
Q

What does the activation of NK cells depend upon?

A

balance of signals received from activating and inhibitory receptors

54
Q

What type of bacteria are TLR-4 invovled in recognising?

A

gram-negative (LPS is found on gram neg)

55
Q

How do TLRs activate NFkB?

A

via IKK complex

56
Q

What is the funcion of RIG I-like helicases?

A

cytoplasmic sensing of PAMPs

57
Q

What is pyroptosis?

A

inflammation driven cell death

58
Q

What are examples of cytoplasmic proteins in the PRR family?

A

RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors

59
Q

What is the difference between the ligands recognised by the TLR1/TLR2 complex and TLR6/TLR2 complex?

A

TLR1/TLR2 complex recognses triacyl lipoproteins whereas TLR2/TLR6 recognises diacyl lipoproteins

60
Q

What is MyD88 composed of?

A

death domain and TIR domain

61
Q

What is the only TLR not to use MyD88?

A

TLR3

62
Q

What do RIG-I-like receptors recognise?

A

RNA of viruses

63
Q

What enhances the expression of RLRs?

A

type I IFN stimulation of viral infection

64
Q

What are RLRs composed of?

A

CARDs; central DEAD box helicase/ATPase domain and C-terminal regulatory domain

65
Q

What stimulates NOD-like receptors?

A

potassium efflux; ROS production; lysosomal rupture

66
Q

What is the resulting cytokine produced with NOD-like receptors?

A

IL-1beta

67
Q

What is the function of IL-1beta?

A

recruitment of lymphocytes and removal of virally infected cells by inflammation driven cell death

68
Q

What TLR uses both MyD88/MAL and TRIF/DRAM adaptor pairs?

A

TLR4

69
Q

What are plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

high level type I interferon producers

70
Q

What is the inducing cytokine for NK cells?

A

IL12; IFNa and IFNb

71
Q

What effector molecules do NK cells produce?

A

IGNy; perforin; granzyme

72
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

immunity against viruses and intracellular pathogens

73
Q

What is the inducing cytokine of ILC1s?

A

IL12

74
Q

What is the function of ILC2?

A

expulsion of extraceullar parasites

75
Q

What are the inducing cytokines for ILC2s?

A

IL25; IL33 and TSLP

76
Q

What effector molecules for ILC2 produce?

A

IL5 and IL13

77
Q

What is the function of ILC1s?

A

defense against viruses, extracellular pathogens

78
Q

What is the inducing cytokine for ILC3?

A

IL23

79
Q

What effector molcules do ILC3s produce?

A

IL22; IL17

80
Q

What is the function of ILC3?

A

immunity to extracellular bacteria and fungi

81
Q

How do NK cells kill cells?

A

releasing cytotoxic granules ; TRAIL

82
Q

What are NK receptors derived from?

A

germ-lines

83
Q

What does TRAIL recognise?

A

death receptors DR4 and DR5

84
Q

What does stimulationg of DR4 and DR5 result in?

A

activation of pro-enzyme caspase 8 which results in apoptosis

85
Q

What does binding of antibodies to Fc receptors on NK cells result in?

A

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity- release granules

86
Q

When is IL12 produced?

A

when dendritic cells and macrophages during infection

87
Q

What does IL12 and IL18 stimulate NK cells to do?

A

secrete large amounts of IFNy

88
Q

When is IL18 produced?

A

activated macrophages

89
Q

What is the function of IFNy?

A

activate macrophages; acts on dendritic cells and regulates differntiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 subset

90
Q

How are interferons involved in the inihibitory receptors of NK cells?

A

induce expression of MHC class I molecules- protecting unifected host cells and also activates NK cells to kill virally infected cells

91
Q

What is missing self?

A

reduction in MHC class I expression

Basic Immunology- Module 1 (31 decks)

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