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Basic Immunology- Module 1 > Overview of mycobacteria > Flashcards

Overview of mycobacteria Flashcards

1
Q

How are mycobacterium classified?

A

into slow growing vs rapid growing

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2
Q

Where are rapidly growing mycobacteria mainly found?

A

in the soil

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3
Q

What type of bacteria are mycobacteria?

A

aerobic non-motile weakly gram positive bacilli

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4
Q

What medium is generally used for culturing of mycobacteria?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

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5
Q

What stain is used to identify mycobacteria?

A

acid-fast stain

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6
Q

What does acid-fast mean?

A

able to resist decolourisation with acidified alcohol when stained with an arylmethane stain

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7
Q

What other genus of bacteria are acid fast?

A

Nocardia

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8
Q

What does acid-fastness depend on?

A

the integrity of the waxy envelope

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9
Q

What is found on the outside of mycobacetria cell walls?

A

high lipi content- lots of mycolic acids

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10
Q

What does the mycobacterial cell wall allow them to do?

A

resist intracellular phagocytosis; complement lysis and is impermable to lots of abx

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of obligate human pathogens of the mycobacteria tuberculosis complex ?

A

M-tuberculosis; M. africanum and M.canneti

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12
Q

Where are M.africanum and M.canneti foudn?

A

M.africanum- west africa; M. canneti- east africa

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13
Q

What are the main reasons for the decline in TB in the 19th and 20th centures in britain?

A

transmission decreased and improved nutrition; genetics- selective pressures leading to more people being resistant; M.tuberculosis has become less pathogenic

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14
Q

What is DOTS?

A

directly observed therapy short course

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15
Q

What is the general transformation of latent TB to active TB per year?

A

5-10%

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16
Q

Why is monotherapy in treating TB not used?

A

always leads to drug resistance

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17
Q

What is the treatment for latent TB?

A

9 months of isoniazid

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18
Q

What causes the lung disease in TB?

A

immune response to the infection

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19
Q

What is the oldest known human specific infection?

A

Leprosy- Hansen’s disease

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20
Q

What is the big problem with mycobacterium leprae?

A

cannot be cultured in labs- has to be in vivo

21
Q

How is mycobacterium leprosae diagnosed?

A

demonstrating acid-fast bacilli in skin biopsies

22
Q

What organisms does mycobacterium leprae grow in?

A

9 banded armadillo or the mouse footpad

23
Q

What is leprosy?

A

a chronic infection of the skin and nerves

24
Q

What are the 2 types of leprosy?

A

paucibacillary leprosy and multibacillary leprosy

25
Q

What is the differnece between PB and MB?

A

PB- negative smears at all sites; MB- positive smear at any site

26
Q

How is leprosy transmitted?

A

nasal discharges

27
Q

Waht is the treatment for multibacillary leprosy?

A

rifampicin, clofazimine and dapsone for 6-12 months

28
Q

what is hte treatment for paucibacillary leprosy?

A

rifampicin and dapsone for 6-12 months

29
Q

Who does M.ulcerans affect?

A

school age children

30
Q

What is the symptom of M.ulcernas?

A

large painless ulcer

31
Q

Why is the ulcer in M.ulcerans painless?

A

produces mycolactone which induces analgesia through angiotensin pathways

32
Q

What causes the ulcer with M.ulcernas?

A

the toxin produced by the bacteria

33
Q

Why does M. ulcerans cause skin lesions?

A

likes lower temperatures

34
Q

What is the treatment for M.ulcerans?

A

rifampicin and streptomycin and surgery

35
Q

What organism causes the swimming pool granuloma?

A

M. marinum

36
Q

What organism causes the buruli ulcer?

A

M .ulcerans

37
Q

Where does M. marnium live?

A

in fish

38
Q

What type of chromagen is M. marinum?

A

photochromagen

39
Q

How long is the treatment for M.marinum?

A

18 months

40
Q

What are the features of M.avium compelx?

A

slow growing non-chromagen

41
Q

What diseases does M .avium complex cause?

A

lymphadenitis in children; lung disease in adults with co-existing lung disease; disseminated disease in HIV

42
Q

What mycobacteria are major causes of broncho-pulmonary infection in CF and COPD patietns?

A

M.abscessus and Mavium

43
Q

Why is M. abscessus one of hte most resistant organisms to drug treatments?

A

selective permeabiltiy of cell envelope; antibiotic-degrading enzymes; target-modifying enzymes; efflux pumps

44
Q

What diseases does m. abscessus cause?

A

soft tissue infections; disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients and lung infecrion

45
Q

What is virulence of mycobacteria associated with?

A

cord formation- into serpentine cords

46
Q

What is a photochromogen?

A

produce pigment in light but not darkness

47
Q

what is a scotochromagens?

A

develop pigment when growing in the dark

48
Q

What makes up the Mavium complex?

A

M avium and M intracellulare

Basic Immunology- Module 1 (31 decks)

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