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Molecular Basis Of Disease/ Microbiology And Immunology > Stem Cells And Regenerative Medicine > Flashcards

Stem Cells And Regenerative Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the sources of stem cells?

A

Induced pluripotent
Embryonic
Adult

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2
Q

How do you create iPSCs?

A

Take any cell and expose it to specific plutipotency factors

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3
Q

What are the specific pluripotency factors?

A

Oct 4, sox2, KLF4 and Cmyp

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4
Q

Why are iPSCs used?

A

To replace lost tissue - good because the cells are from the patient so it reduces risk of rejection

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5
Q

What type of stem cells are embryonic stem cells?

A

Pluripotent

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6
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells taken from?

A

Blastocyst

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7
Q

What can embryonic stem cells form?

A

Any tissue from the three layers of the inner cell mass

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8
Q

What type of stem cell are adult stem cells?

A

Multipotent

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9
Q

How do you use adult stem cells?

A

Amplify in vitro

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10
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A 
Drug screening
Disease modelling
Developmental biology
3D organoid models
Cell differentiation
Model for basic and translational studies
Cell replacement therapy
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11
Q

Where are tissue-specific stem cells maintained?

A

Stem cell niches

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12
Q

What is the method for iPSC creation?

A

C-Myc promotes DNA replication and relaxes chromatin structure

  • > allows oct 3/4 to access its target genes
  • > Sox 2 and KLF4 also cooperate with oct 3/4 to activate genes
  • > encode transcription factors which establish the pluripotent transcription factor network
  • > results in the activation of epigenetic processes that establish the pluripotent transcription factor network
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13
Q

IPSCs have a similar global gene expression profile to which other type of stem cells?

A

Embryonic

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14
Q

Why are stem cells used in CV disease?

A

Post heart attack, there is lots of cardiac muscle death, fibrosis and scarring - so SCs are used to replace this

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15
Q

What are the cardiac regeneration strategies used in CV disease?

A

Cell transplantation to replenish lost cardiomyocytes
Stimulation of endogenous cardiomyocytes
Neovascularisation

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16
Q

Why is neovascularisation a good thing in CV disease?

A

Improved circulation to injured area

Paracrine effects improving CM replacement

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17
Q

What are the challenges of transplanting cells to promote cardiac regeneration?

A

Immune rejection
Manufacture/ isolation of sufficient cells
Mode of delivery and clinical regulation

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18
Q

What is the immune response in neonatal mouse hearts?

A

Embryonic macrophage infiltration
Revascularisation
Global cardimyocyte proliferation

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19
Q

What is the immune response in neonatal mouse hearts?

A

Embryonic macrophage infiltration
Revascularisaion
Global cardiomyocyte proliferation

20
Q

What is the immune response in adult mouse hearts?

A

Monocyte macrophage infiltration
Limited revascularisation
No cardiomyocyte proliferation

21
Q

What is the normal lymphatic response to a heart attack?

A

Doesnt clear excess fluid, which leads to oedema and inflammation

22
Q

What happens to the lymphatic response to a heart attack if the lymphatic system is stimulated with a modified form of VEGFC?

A

Improves the clearance of fluid which improves cardiac repair and function

23
Q

What is an issue with iPSC cardiomyocytes?

A

Spontaneously depolarise faster than normal cardiomycytes so can cause tachycardia

24
Q

What is myocardial thymosin beta 4 nessecary for?

A

Epicardial migration, coronary vasculature and cardiomyocyte survival

25
Q

What can myocardial thymosin beta 4 addition to adult hearts cause?

A

Stimulation of epicardial outgrowth and neovascularisation

26
Q

What does reexpression of wt1 give rise to?

A

Cardiac progenitors in the MI injured adult heart

27
Q

What can cardiac progenitors in the MI injured adult heart differentiate into?

A

De novo cardiomyocytes

28
Q

How is stem cell therapy used in cancer treatment?

A

After chemo/radio, SCs can be used to reconstitute healthy cells

29
Q

What do MSCs do in cancer treatment?

A

Deliver genes, nanoparticles and oncolytic viruses to cellular niches due to intrinsic tropisms

30
Q

What can exomes of MSCs and NSCs do?

A

Target the drug to tumour sites

31
Q

What can stem cells be used for in burn treatment?

A

Replace lost skin cell types,
Speeding up endogenous healing
Generate ECM and produce paracrine signals which aid healing

32
Q

What are fetal fibroblasts formed from?

A

ESCs

33
Q

Why can fetal fibroblasts improve skin repair?

A

Improve skin repair due to high expansion ability
Low immunogenicity
Intense secretion of bioactive substances

34
Q

What bioactive substances do fetal fibroblasts secrete?

A

VEGfs, REFs and fGfs

35
Q

Why are epidermal stem cells good for burn treatment?

A

High proliferation rate
Easy access
Keep their potency and differentiation potential for long periods
Generate most stem cell types for repair and regeneration

36
Q

Why are mesenchymal stem cells good for burn treatment?

A

High differentiation potential

Certain degree of plasticity

37
Q

What can iPSCs be differentiated into to be used in burn treatment?

A

Dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes and melanocytes

38
Q

How does using stem cells in burns treatment work?

A

Cell isolation and purification
Cell and tissue assembly
Delivery

39
Q

How can stem cell derived tissues be delivered?

A

Spray, dressing or 3D printing of cell sheets

40
Q

What are responsible for replacing damaged corneal cells and where are they found?

A

Limbal stem cells at the edge of the cornea

41
Q

What happens if the limbal stem cells are lost?

A

The cornea can’t be repaired -> affects the light entering the eye -> vision loss

42
Q

How does limbal stem cell transplant work?

A

They are collected from a healthy part of the eye, expanded in the lab and then transplanted

43
Q

What does a limbal cell transplant do?

A

Repairs the cornea and permenantly restores vision

44
Q

What are some limitations of limbal stem cell transplant?

A

Only works if the patient has a healthy section of limbus from which to collect the LSCs from

45
Q

What is retinal pigment epithelium?

A

Single layer of post mitotic cells that are a barrier to the photoreceptor layer

46
Q

What can the retinal pigement epithelium cells be damaged in?

A

Age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and lebers congenital anemosis

47
Q

What type of stem cells can you make retinal pigment epithelium from?

A

ESC and iPSC

Molecular Basis Of Disease/ Microbiology And Immunology (57 decks)

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