stem cells

Question 1

Daughter cells

Answer 1

cells that divide +become specialised through differentiation to acquire their special functions

Question 2

progenitor

Answer 2

specialised stem cells in embryo -give rise to every cell, type, tissue, organ in the body

Question 3

Adult stem cells

Answer 3

pocket of stem cells in body-replace cells to wear and tear that are lost in tissues

Question 4

Advantage of stem cells

Answer 4

tests safety+ effectiveness of drug

Question 5

Disadvantage of stem cells

Answer 5

limited potential compared to embryonic stem cells

Question 6

Perinatal stem cells

Answer 6

umbilical cord have stem cells

Question 7

Muscle stem cells

Answer 7

allow regeneration of muscle and how they build muscle so stem cells can replace these cells that are lost due to wear, tear or injury or even to disease

Question 8

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 8

destroys in-implanted human embryo at 6-8 days pf development

Question 9

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority(HFEA)

Answer 9

only allowed if license is granted so the embryos can be used if needed

Question 10

How are embryos cultured in a laboratory

Answer 10

stem cell are isolated from human embryo at blastocyst stage at 5 or 6 days+cultured up to 14 days, then need to be experimented to be terminated

Question 11

3 risks of stem cell therapy

Answer 11

1.tumour formation
2.inappropriate stem cell migration
3.immune rejection of donor

Question 12

Pluripotent

Answer 12

gives rise to cell embryos but not placenta

Question 13

Potent stem cell

Answer 13

gives rise to both placental +feotal cell types

Question 14

Multipotent stem cells

Answer 14

gives rise to germ layers, so it can give rise to stem cells of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 15

Oligo potent stem cells

Answer 15

gives rise to 2-3 cell types with that particular tissue but not entire repertoire

Question 16

Uni potent stem cells

Answer 16

one single cell types

Question 17

2 key properties that embryonic stem cells have

Answer 17

1.divide indefinitely
2.pluripotent so it can give rise to multiple cell types

Question 18

Multipotent stem cells

Answer 18

germ layer stem cells-give rise to specific tissue type

Question 19

Endoderm stem cell

Answer 19

multi potent progenitor-gives rise to various stem cell that differentiate to form

Question 20

1st step of progressive specialisation

Answer 20

undifferentiation blastoma in early embryo -this is a single cell egg that needs to be fertilised

Question 21

2nd step of progressive specialisation

Answer 21

the egg divides +differentiates further to pancreatic stem cells

Question 22

3rd step of progressive specialisation

Answer 22

within the pancreas -further differentiation until single cell is generated to give rise

Question 23

haematopoietic system

Answer 23

olio potent give rise to both lymphoid +myeloid stem

Question 24

gene therapy

Answer 24

genetic material is transferred into cells that have particular disease in human patient

Question 25

germline

Answer 25

tissues that give rise to next generation -sperm +egg

Question 26

Somatic

Answer 26

replace the cells that affected in patients +are not passed through germ line

Question 27

method:viral vector

Answer 27

way of introducing DNA to cells

Question 28

method:non viral gene delivery

Answer 28

synthetic polymers or natural polymers are used.They ensure immune response doesn't get evoked

Question 29

Gene editing

Answer 29

mistakes in DNA can be edited, use in specific regions to correct gene that are faulty which cause disorders

Question 30

Why are DNA bases altered in targeted manner?

Answer 30

this is used to make change in specific regions to correct genes that are faulty to to correct to disease