Stats-Validity Flashcards
Nominal
Categories with no numeric scales
Ordinal
Rank ordering, numerical values limited
Interval
Numerical properties are literal,assume equal interval between values
Independent variable
The manipulated variable (cause)
Dependent variable
The variable to be measured (effect)
Confounding variable
An “extra” variable that you didn’t account for that could be operating
Null hypothesis
The population means are equal; there is no observable difference, the IV had no effect
Research hypothesis
The population means are, in fact, not equal; the IV did not have an effect
Type I error
when we reject the null hypothesis that is actually true
Type II error
when we accept the null hypothesis that is actually false
Alpha level error
level of significance (.001, .01, .05), probability of making type I error
Test-retest reliability
measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of people
Alternate forms reliability
requires administering two different forms of the same test to the same people at two points in time
Internal consistency
the consistency of people’s responses across the items on a multiple-item measure
Split-half reliability
the correlation of the total score on one half of the test with the total score on the other half
Cronbach’s alpha
the average of all possible split-half reliability coefficients
Interrater reliability
the extent to which raters agree in their observations
Reliability
the consistency of the measure
Validity
whether the measure does what it is intended to do
Internal validity
the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from the results of the study
External validity
the extent to which the results can be generalized to other populations and settings
Construct validity
the adequacy of the operational definitions of variables
Convergent validity
scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct
Discriminant validity
scores on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different
Criterion validity
extent to which a measure is related to an outcome
Concurrent validity
scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time (concurrently)
Face validity
the content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured
Predictive validity
scores on the measure predict behavior on a criterion measured at a future time
Simple random sampling
every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample
Stratified random sampling
the population is divided into subgroups and random sampling techniques are then used to select sample members from each stratum
Cluster sampling
the researcher identifies a cluster of people and then sample from the clusters
Convenience sampling
“take them where you find them” method of obtaining participants
Purposive sampling
obtaining a sample of people who meet some predetermined criterion
Quota sampling
choosing a sample that reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population
Moderator
variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between an IV and a DV; Does not influence the strength of a relationship b/w 2 other variables
Mediator
accounts for the relation between the IV and DV; Explains the relationship b/w the two other variables
