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PSYCH > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of parsimony

A

The simplest explanation is often the best one

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Studying things by collecting data

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3
Q

Case study

A

One individual is studied in great detail

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4
Q

Survey

A

Yields a lot of data about many different people

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5
Q

Representative sample

A

A sample representative of the population

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6
Q

Courtesy bais

A

People give socially acceptable answers

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing people/animals in their natural environments

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8
Q

Observer effect

A

People behave differently when watched

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9
Q

Participant observation

A

When researchers participate in a group in order to observe it without the observer effect

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10
Q

Observer bias

A

The observer’s opinion on what they expect to see interferes with their conclusion

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11
Q

Blind observers

A

People who observe a study without knowing the control/experimental groups

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12
Q

Correlation

A

Measure of the relationship between two or more variables

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13
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The direction and strength of correlation (always between -1 and 1)

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14
Q

Experiment

A

Only method that allows researchers to determine cause

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15
Q

Operational definition

A

Clearly and indisputably defines how the variables of an experiment will be measured

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16
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Behavior changes as a result of being part of a study

17
Q

Confounding variables

A

Variables that interfere with each other (like how people studying more might change the results of that coffee experiment)

18
Q

Placebo effect

A

Expectations interfere with behavior

19
Q

Experimental effect

A

Same as observer bias but in an experiment

20
Q

Single-blind study

A

Patients don’t know who’s the control group and who’s the experimental group

21
Q

Double-blind study

A

Neither the patients or the researchers know who’s the control group and who’s the experimental group

22
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

Groups of psychologists and other professionals who make sure studies are ethical before they can be conducted

23
Q

Common ethical guidelines:

A

Rights of participants must be weighed against the value of the study, participants must make an informed decision about their participation, any deception must be justified and followed by debriefing, participants can withdraw at any time, participants must be protected from risk, data must be confidential, and the researcher is responsible for helping any patients overcome negative consequences of the experiment

24
Q

Informed consent

A

Parents give consent for their young children

25
Q

Statistical analysis

A

Accounting for error in data

26
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Organizing numbers so they can be understood (included Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of Variability)

27
Q

Frequency distribution

A

A table/graph that shows how numbers appear on a set

28
Q

Histogram

A

Bar graph

29
Q

Polygon

A

Line Graph

30
Q

Normal curve

A

Bell curve

31
Q

Skewed distribution

A

When the numbers are concentrated to the left (positive) or to the right (negative)

32
Q

Bimodal distributions

A

When there are two number “peaks” in a graph

33
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

Number that best represents the central part of frequency distribution (mean, median, and mode)

34
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures how useful the mean is. The smaller the better, ALWAYS positive

35
Q

t-test

A

Measures if results are statistically significant, must be below 0.05 to be significant

36
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Allows researchers to determine the difference between meaningful results and chance variations

PSYCH (7 decks)

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