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PSYCH > Chapter 1&2 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1&2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Credited with conducting the first psychological experiments with his studies of perception

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2
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

Performed experiments on visual and auditory perception

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Known as the father of psychology, believed in objective introspection

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4
Q

Objective Introspection

A

Objectively examining and measuring one’s own mental processes

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5
Q

Edward Titchner

A

Inspired by Wundt, founder of strucuralism

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

The psychological perspective that focuses on the details of the brain

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7
Q

Margaret F. Washburn

A

First woman with a Psychology PhD, published a book on animal behavior

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8
Q

William James

A

Founder of functionalism

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9
Q

Functionalism

A

Still detail-oriented but pays more attention to how the brain functions

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10
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Objected to detail oriented structuralism and functionalism, founded Gestalt psychology

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11
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Studying the brain’s whole patterns ratter than the smaller pieces

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Explored the effects of conditioning

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13
Q

Conditioning

A

Causing a reflex in response to an unrelated but associated stimulus

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14
Q

John B. Watson

A

Founder of behaviorism

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15
Q

Behaviorism

A

The focus on only observable behavior

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16
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

Tested and proved a method of unconditioning

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17
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Our behavior is a result of our childhood and our desire to fulfill subconscious desires (inspired by Freud)

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18
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Our personality is a result of rewards and punishments

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19
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Our behavior is a result of trying to fulfill our needs in the best way possible

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20
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Our behavior is a result of our mental processes, beliefs, and perceptions

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21
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

Our behavior is a result of the world around us

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22
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Founder of the sociocultural perspective

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23
Q

Cross-Cultural Research

A

Contrasts and comparisons of behavior studied in at least two different cultures

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24
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Our behavior is a result of brain structure, body chemistry, hormones, and genetics

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25
Q

Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

The combination of biological, psychological, and social interactions

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26
Q

George L. Engel

A

Founder of the Biopsychosocial Perspective

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27
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Our behavior is the result of natural selection and adaption

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28
Q

Basic research

A

Research for the purpose of gaining scientific knowledge

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29
Q

Applied research

A

Research for the purpose of answering specific problems

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30
Q

Paul Broca

A

Located the brain’s speech center through autopsies

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31
Q

Lesioning

A

A process where an electric current is used to permenantly damage specific neurons in order to study how the brain functions without that area

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32
Q

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)

A

Similar to lesioning but less permanent, causing neurons to behave as though they have received an inhibitory message

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33
Q

Depp Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A

A type of ESB in which an impulse generator sends impulses to electrodes implanted around the brain, stimulating specific functions (very invasive, only used in extreme cases!)

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34
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Noninvasive brain technique that applies magnetic pulses to the cortex using wires about the head (called repetitive TMS or rTMS when pulses are repetitive)

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35
Q

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

A

Scalp electrodes pass low currents to the brain to change neuron excitability levels

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36
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

Maps several “slices” of the brain with a computer to show any injuries

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37
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Provides details of the brain using a strong magnetic field to see very small brain changes

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38
Q

MRI spectroscopy

A

Allows researchers to estimate the concentration of specific brain chemicals

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39
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

Images white matter tracts to measure brain connectivity

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40
Q

The Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Records electrical activity just below the skull to determine which parts of the brain are active when completing specific tasks

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41
Q

Event Related Potentials (ERPs)

A

Multiple presentations a stimulus are measured with an EEG and then averaged

42
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Uses magnetically sensitive devices to identify areas of brain activation

43
Q

Positiron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Levels of glucose intake are monitored to determine which areas of the brain are active

44
Q

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

A

Measures brain blood flow to determine activity levels

45
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

A computer tracks changes in oxygen levels of blood in the brain to figure out which parts are active

46
Q

Medulla

A

Top of the brain stem, controls basic life-sustaining functions

47
Q

Pons

A

On top of the medulla, coordinates movement between left and right sides of the brain

48
Q

Reticular Formation (RF)

A

In the brainstem, controls a person’s ability to ignore constant stimuli

49
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Keeps you awake and alert, part of the RF

50
Q

Cerebellum

A

Mini brain at the back of the head, controls all involuntary motor movement (like balance)

51
Q

Spinocerebellar Degeneration

A

Occurs when the cerebellum degenerates, leading to problems with tremors, balance, and speech

52
Q

Limbic System

A

Responsible for emotions, memories, motivation, and learning

53
Q

Thalamus

A

Center of the brain, processes information before sending it to the correct cortex

54
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

The part of the cortex that deals with smell

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Underneath the thalamus, regulates chemostasis

56
Q

Amygdala

A

Small and at the front of the brain, responsible for emotions and fear

57
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrom

A

When an animal has their amygdala damaged and no longer fears predators

58
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Divided into the four lobes

59
Q

Occupital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

60
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Helps identify and make sense of visual information

61
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Contains the somatosensory cortex, which processes information from skin receptors for touch, temperature, and position

62
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Contains the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area to interpret language

63
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Performs all higher brain functions like planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language (connected to the limbic system)

64
Q

Preservation

A

When someone keeps on repeating an action due to damage to the frontal lobe

65
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Controls the body’s voluntary muscles

66
Q

Association areas

A

areas devoted to making connections between sensory information and stored information

67
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area in the left frontal lobe that allows for speech production

68
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

When someone has damage to their Broca’s area and can no longer pronounce words correctly

69
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Area in the left temporal lobe responsible for understanding words

70
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

When someone has damage to their Wernicke’s area and can speak fluently but their words don’t make sense

71
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, rhythm, and analysis

72
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Specializes in global processing, spatial perception, pattern recognition, and expression (but not speech!)

73
Q

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

A

First to theorize that the nervous system was made of individual cells

74
Q

Acetylchohine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles

75
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Neurotransmitter in the brain

76
Q

Seretonin (5-HT)

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite

77
Q

Glutamate

A

The nervous system’s main excitatory neurotransmitter, responsible for learning and memory

78
Q

Gamma-aminobutryric acid (GABA)

A

The nervous system’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter, responsible for calming anxiety

79
Q

Agonist

A

Mimics a neurotransmitter’s shape to enhance it’s signal

80
Q

Antagonist

A

Fill a neurotransmitter’s site without sending the transmitter’s signal, blocking it

81
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Can serve as neurotransmitters, hormones, or as agonists/antagonists to neurotransmitters

82
Q

Endorphins

A

A type of neuropeptide

83
Q

SSRIs

A

Blocks the reuptake of serotonin so there’s more in the synapse

84
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Comprised of the brain and spinal chord

85
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

Carries messages from the senses to the spinal chord

86
Q

Efferent (motor) neurons

A

Carries messages from the spinal chord to muscles/glands

87
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect afferent neurons to efferent neurons

88
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

All of the nerves not contained in the brain/spinal chord

89
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Nerves that control voluntary muscles

90
Q

Sensory pathway

A

All of the nerves carrying messages to the CNS

91
Q

Motor pathway

A

All of the nerves carrying messages to the skeletal muscles from the CNS

92
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Neurons inside the spinal column responsible for involuntary muscles

93
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Deals with stressful events

94
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Returns the body to “normal” after stress and controls functions in daily situations

95
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Send hormones throughout the body

96
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Main endocrine gland, secretes oxytocin for reproduction, vasopressin for water levels, and growth hormone

97
Q

Pineal gland

A

Important for biological rhythms, secretes melatonin for sleep cycles

98
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes thyroxin, which regulates metabolism

99
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls blood sugar through insulin and glucagon

100
Q

Gonads

A

Includes ovaries and testes which regulate sexual behavior

101
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Made up of the medulla, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, and the cortex which produces steroids like cortisol

PSYCH (7 decks)

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