Chapter 1&2 Test Flashcards
1
Q
Gustav Fechner
A
Credited with conducting the first psychological experiments with his studies of perception
2
Q
Hermann von Helmholtz
A
Performed experiments on visual and auditory perception
3
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
A
Known as the father of psychology, believed in objective introspection
4
Q
Objective Introspection
A
Objectively examining and measuring one’s own mental processes
5
Q
Edward Titchner
A
Inspired by Wundt, founder of strucuralism
6
Q
Structuralism
A
The psychological perspective that focuses on the details of the brain
7
Q
Margaret F. Washburn
A
First woman with a Psychology PhD, published a book on animal behavior
8
Q
William James
A
Founder of functionalism
9
Q
Functionalism
A
Still detail-oriented but pays more attention to how the brain functions
10
Q
Max Wertheimer
A
Objected to detail oriented structuralism and functionalism, founded Gestalt psychology
11
Q
Gestalt psychology
A
Studying the brain’s whole patterns ratter than the smaller pieces
12
Q
Ivan Pavlov
A
Explored the effects of conditioning
13
Q
Conditioning
A
Causing a reflex in response to an unrelated but associated stimulus
14
Q
John B. Watson
A
Founder of behaviorism
15
Q
Behaviorism
A
The focus on only observable behavior
16
Q
Mary Cover Jones
A
Tested and proved a method of unconditioning
17
Q
Psychodynamic Perspective
A
Our behavior is a result of our childhood and our desire to fulfill subconscious desires (inspired by Freud)
18
Q
Behavioral Perspective
A
Our personality is a result of rewards and punishments
19
Q
Humanistic Perspective
A
Our behavior is a result of trying to fulfill our needs in the best way possible
20
Q
Cognitive Perspective
A
Our behavior is a result of our mental processes, beliefs, and perceptions
21
Q
Sociocultural Perspective
A
Our behavior is a result of the world around us
22
Q
Lev Vygotsky
A
Founder of the sociocultural perspective
23
Q
Cross-Cultural Research
A
Contrasts and comparisons of behavior studied in at least two different cultures
24
Q
Biological Perspective
A
Our behavior is a result of brain structure, body chemistry, hormones, and genetics
25
Biopsychosocial Perspective
The combination of biological, psychological, and social interactions
26
George L. Engel
Founder of the Biopsychosocial Perspective
27
Evolutionary Perspective
Our behavior is the result of natural selection and adaption
28
Basic research
Research for the purpose of gaining scientific knowledge
29
Applied research
Research for the purpose of answering specific problems
30
Paul Broca
Located the brain's speech center through autopsies
31
Lesioning
A process where an electric current is used to permenantly damage specific neurons in order to study how the brain functions without that area
32
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)
Similar to lesioning but less permanent, causing neurons to behave as though they have received an inhibitory message
33
Depp Brain Stimulation (DBS)
A type of ESB in which an impulse generator sends impulses to electrodes implanted around the brain, stimulating specific functions (very invasive, only used in extreme cases!)
34
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Noninvasive brain technique that applies magnetic pulses to the cortex using wires about the head (called repetitive TMS or rTMS when pulses are repetitive)
35
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Scalp electrodes pass low currents to the brain to change neuron excitability levels
36
Computed Tomography (CT)
Maps several "slices" of the brain with a computer to show any injuries
37
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Provides details of the brain using a strong magnetic field to see very small brain changes
38
MRI spectroscopy
Allows researchers to estimate the concentration of specific brain chemicals
39
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Images white matter tracts to measure brain connectivity
40
The Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Records electrical activity just below the skull to determine which parts of the brain are active when completing specific tasks
41
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Multiple presentations a stimulus are measured with an EEG and then averaged
42
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Uses magnetically sensitive devices to identify areas of brain activation
43
Positiron Emission Tomography (PET)
Levels of glucose intake are monitored to determine which areas of the brain are active
44
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Measures brain blood flow to determine activity levels
45
Functional MRI (fMRI)
A computer tracks changes in oxygen levels of blood in the brain to figure out which parts are active
46
Medulla
Top of the brain stem, controls basic life-sustaining functions
47
Pons
On top of the medulla, coordinates movement between left and right sides of the brain
48
Reticular Formation (RF)
In the brainstem, controls a person's ability to ignore constant stimuli
49
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Keeps you awake and alert, part of the RF
50
Cerebellum
Mini brain at the back of the head, controls all involuntary motor movement (like balance)
51
Spinocerebellar Degeneration
Occurs when the cerebellum degenerates, leading to problems with tremors, balance, and speech
52
Limbic System
Responsible for emotions, memories, motivation, and learning
53
Thalamus
Center of the brain, processes information before sending it to the correct cortex
54
Olfactory Bulbs
The part of the cortex that deals with smell
55
Hypothalamus
Underneath the thalamus, regulates chemostasis
56
Amygdala
Small and at the front of the brain, responsible for emotions and fear
57
Klüver-Bucy Syndrom
When an animal has their amygdala damaged and no longer fears predators
58
Cingulate Cortex
Divided into the four lobes
59
Occupital Lobe
Processes visual information
60
Visual Association Cortex
Helps identify and make sense of visual information
61
Parietal Lobe
Contains the somatosensory cortex, which processes information from skin receptors for touch, temperature, and position
62
Temporal Lobe
Contains the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area to interpret language
63
Frontal Lobe
Performs all higher brain functions like planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language (connected to the limbic system)
64
Preservation
When someone keeps on repeating an action due to damage to the frontal lobe
65
Motor Cortex
Controls the body's voluntary muscles
66
Association areas
areas devoted to making connections between sensory information and stored information
67
Broca's area
Area in the left frontal lobe that allows for speech production
68
Broca's aphasia
When someone has damage to their Broca's area and can no longer pronounce words correctly
69
Wernicke's area
Area in the left temporal lobe responsible for understanding words
70
Wernicke's aphasia
When someone has damage to their Wernicke's area and can speak fluently but their words don't make sense
71
Left Hemisphere
Specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, rhythm, and analysis
72
Right Hemisphere
Specializes in global processing, spatial perception, pattern recognition, and expression (but not speech!)
73
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
First to theorize that the nervous system was made of individual cells
74
Acetylchohine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles
75
Dopamine (DA)
Neurotransmitter in the brain
76
Seretonin (5-HT)
Neurotransmitter that regulates sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite
77
Glutamate
The nervous system's main excitatory neurotransmitter, responsible for learning and memory
78
Gamma-aminobutryric acid (GABA)
The nervous system's main inhibitory neurotransmitter, responsible for calming anxiety
79
Agonist
Mimics a neurotransmitter's shape to enhance it's signal
80
Antagonist
Fill a neurotransmitter's site without sending the transmitter's signal, blocking it
81
Neuropeptides
Can serve as neurotransmitters, hormones, or as agonists/antagonists to neurotransmitters
82
Endorphins
A type of neuropeptide
83
SSRIs
Blocks the reuptake of serotonin so there's more in the synapse
84
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Comprised of the brain and spinal chord
85
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Carries messages from the senses to the spinal chord
86
Efferent (motor) neurons
Carries messages from the spinal chord to muscles/glands
87
Interneurons
Connect afferent neurons to efferent neurons
88
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All of the nerves not contained in the brain/spinal chord
89
Somatic Nervous System
Nerves that control voluntary muscles
90
Sensory pathway
All of the nerves carrying messages to the CNS
91
Motor pathway
All of the nerves carrying messages to the skeletal muscles from the CNS
92
Autonomic Nervous System
Neurons inside the spinal column responsible for involuntary muscles
93
Sympathetic division
Deals with stressful events
94
Parasympathetic division
Returns the body to "normal" after stress and controls functions in daily situations
95
Endocrine glands
Send hormones throughout the body
96
Pituitary gland
Main endocrine gland, secretes oxytocin for reproduction, vasopressin for water levels, and growth hormone
97
Pineal gland
Important for biological rhythms, secretes melatonin for sleep cycles
98
Thyroid gland
Secretes thyroxin, which regulates metabolism
99
Pancreas
Controls blood sugar through insulin and glucagon
100
Gonads
Includes ovaries and testes which regulate sexual behavior
101
Adrenal glands
Made up of the medulla, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, and the cortex which produces steroids like cortisol
