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Learning Test Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

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2
Q

Maturation

A

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint

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3
Q

Reflex

A

An unlearned, involuntary response to something not under personal control

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that causes a response

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5
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Got dogs to salivate even when food wasn’t present

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6
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus different from the stimulus that normally produces the response

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7
Q

What are the “rules” for classical conditioning?

A

CS must come before the UCS, CS and UCS most come close together in time, NS and UCS must be paired several times, and CS must be distinct in the environment

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8
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

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9
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learning to respond differently to different stimuli

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10
Q

Extinction

A

removal of UCS entirely will gradually lead to the CS no longer occurring (although the CR is still in the brain)

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11
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

When a specific stimulus leads to the recovery of a previously “extinct” CS

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12
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A strong conditioned response is paired with an NS (and that NS becomes a secondary CS)

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13
Q

John B. Watson

A

Behavioralist who conditioned little Albert to fear rats

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14
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

Being conditioned to feel emotions at certain stimuli (like fear)

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15
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

Becoming classically conditioned from watching someone else respond to a stimulus

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16
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

Being conditioned not to like eating something (even if the UCR doesn’t happen immediately afterwards)

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17
Q

Stimulus substitution

A

Pavlov’s idea that CS are associated with UCS, and therefore activate nearby brain areas

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18
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Found that the CS had to provide info about all the upcoming UCS in order to achieve conditioning

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19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning voluntary behaviors

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20
Q

Edward Thordike

A

Studied operant conditioning by putting cats in a box and letting them learn how to “solve” the box and get out, also discovered law of effect

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21
Q

Law of Effect

A

Discovered by Thorndike; states that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will be repeated, and if it’s followed with a negative consequence it will not be.

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22
Q

Skinner

A

Coined the name “operant conditioning”, defined reinforcement as anything that increases behavior. Had the “turn” and “peck” experiment.

23
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that fulfills a basic need (like food!)

24
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Works because of associations with past primary reinforcers (like money!)

25
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

A response that is reinforced after only some responses will take longer to learn but take more time to fade, while a response reinforced each time will be faster to learn but also undergo extinction faster.

26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increases behavior by adding something desireable

27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases behavior by taking away something undesirable

28
Q

Positive punishment

A

Decreases behavior by adding something undesirable

29
Q

Negative punishment

A

Decreases behavior by taking away something pleasurable

30
Q

Fixed interval

A

The same reinforcer is received after a fixed amount of time, no matter how often the correct behavior is exhibited (like a salaried pay check)

31
Q

Variable interval

A

The same reinforcer is received after a random amount of time no matter how often the correct behavior is exhibited (like waiting for a wave while surfing)

32
Q

Fixed ratio

A

The reinforcer is determined by how often the behavior is exhibited, and is directly proportional to how often/how much the behavior is (like an hourly pay check)

33
Q

Variable ratio

A

The reinforcer is determined by how often the behavior is exhibited, but the amount of behavior to get the reinforcer is random (like gambling)

34
Q

What are the problems with punishment?

A

Often doesn’t follow the behavior, teaches the person to avoid the wrong things, can lead to lying, can create fear, anxiety, and aggression, and can lead to learned helplessness.

35
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Being more willing to give up and stop trying after a history of failures

36
Q

Discriminitave stimulus

A

Provides a person with a cue for a particular response (a police car is a discriminative stimulus to slow down while driving)

37
Q

Shaping

A

Small steps towards a goal are reinforced at each step

38
Q

Behavior modification

A

Application of operant conditioning to change behavior in therapy

39
Q

Token economy

A

Use of money to modify behavior

40
Q

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

A

uses analysis of current behavior with behavioral techniques to address a socially relevant issue

41
Q

Biofeedback

A

Information like heart rate that shows a person’s mood

42
Q

Neurofeedback

A

Information about the brain from an EEG to show a person’s mood

43
Q

Important Gestalt psychologists studying learning

A

Tolman (rats), Kohler (chimp), and Seligman (sad dogs)

44
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Gestalt psychologist who discovered latent learning through rats in a maze

45
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that happens without reinforcement and effects later behavior.

46
Q

Cognitive map

A

Being aware of your surroundings even when you aren’t directly seeing them

47
Q

Wolgang Kohler

A

Had a chimp get a banana with a stick, learned about insight

48
Q

Insight

A

The “ah-ha!” moment!

49
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Discovered helplessness in dogs

50
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning new behavior through watching someone else demonstrate behavior

51
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Demonstrated observational learning with the weird bobo doll

52
Q

Learning/performance distinction

A

The fact that learning can take place without actual performance

53
Q

What four things does observational learning require?

A

Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Desire (AMID)

PSYCH (7 decks)

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