Learning Test Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Maturation

A

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reflex

A

An unlearned, involuntary response to something not under personal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that causes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Got dogs to salivate even when food wasn’t present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus different from the stimulus that normally produces the response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the “rules” for classical conditioning?

A

CS must come before the UCS, CS and UCS most come close together in time, NS and UCS must be paired several times, and CS must be distinct in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learning to respond differently to different stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Extinction

A

removal of UCS entirely will gradually lead to the CS no longer occurring (although the CR is still in the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

When a specific stimulus leads to the recovery of a previously “extinct” CS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A strong conditioned response is paired with an NS (and that NS becomes a secondary CS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

John B. Watson

A

Behavioralist who conditioned little Albert to fear rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

Being conditioned to feel emotions at certain stimuli (like fear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

Becoming classically conditioned from watching someone else respond to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

Being conditioned not to like eating something (even if the UCR doesn’t happen immediately afterwards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stimulus substitution

A

Pavlov’s idea that CS are associated with UCS, and therefore activate nearby brain areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Found that the CS had to provide info about all the upcoming UCS in order to achieve conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning voluntary behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Edward Thordike

A

Studied operant conditioning by putting cats in a box and letting them learn how to “solve” the box and get out, also discovered law of effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Law of Effect

A

Discovered by Thorndike; states that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will be repeated, and if it’s followed with a negative consequence it will not be.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Skinner

A

Coined the name “operant conditioning”, defined reinforcement as anything that increases behavior. Had the “turn” and “peck” experiment.

23
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that fulfills a basic need (like food!)

24
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Works because of associations with past primary reinforcers (like money!)

25
Partial reinforcement effect
A response that is reinforced after only some responses will take longer to learn but take more time to fade, while a response reinforced each time will be faster to learn but also undergo extinction faster.
26
Positive reinforcement
Increases behavior by adding something desireable
27
Negative reinforcement
Increases behavior by taking away something undesirable
28
Positive punishment
Decreases behavior by adding something undesirable
29
Negative punishment
Decreases behavior by taking away something pleasurable
30
Fixed interval
The same reinforcer is received after a fixed amount of time, no matter how often the correct behavior is exhibited (like a salaried pay check)
31
Variable interval
The same reinforcer is received after a random amount of time no matter how often the correct behavior is exhibited (like waiting for a wave while surfing)
32
Fixed ratio
The reinforcer is determined by how often the behavior is exhibited, and is directly proportional to how often/how much the behavior is (like an hourly pay check)
33
Variable ratio
The reinforcer is determined by how often the behavior is exhibited, but the amount of behavior to get the reinforcer is random (like gambling)
34
What are the problems with punishment?
Often doesn't follow the behavior, teaches the person to avoid the wrong things, can lead to lying, can create fear, anxiety, and aggression, and can lead to learned helplessness.
35
Learned helplessness
Being more willing to give up and stop trying after a history of failures
36
Discriminitave stimulus
Provides a person with a cue for a particular response (a police car is a discriminative stimulus to slow down while driving)
37
Shaping
Small steps towards a goal are reinforced at each step
38
Behavior modification
Application of operant conditioning to change behavior in therapy
39
Token economy
Use of money to modify behavior
40
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
uses analysis of current behavior with behavioral techniques to address a socially relevant issue
41
Biofeedback
Information like heart rate that shows a person's mood
42
Neurofeedback
Information about the brain from an EEG to show a person's mood
43
Important Gestalt psychologists studying learning
Tolman (rats), Kohler (chimp), and Seligman (sad dogs)
44
Edward Tolman
Gestalt psychologist who discovered latent learning through rats in a maze
45
Latent Learning
learning that happens without reinforcement and effects later behavior.
46
Cognitive map
Being aware of your surroundings even when you aren't directly seeing them
47
Wolgang Kohler
Had a chimp get a banana with a stick, learned about insight
48
Insight
The "ah-ha!" moment!
49
Martin Seligman
Discovered helplessness in dogs
50
Observational learning
Learning new behavior through watching someone else demonstrate behavior
51
Albert Bandura
Demonstrated observational learning with the weird bobo doll
52
Learning/performance distinction
The fact that learning can take place without actual performance
53
What four things does observational learning require?
Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Desire (AMID)