Learning Test

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Question 2

Maturation

Answer 2

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint

Question 3

Reflex

Answer 3

An unlearned, involuntary response to something not under personal control

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

Anything that causes a response

Question 5

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 5

Got dogs to salivate even when food wasn’t present

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

Learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus different from the stimulus that normally produces the response

Question 7

What are the “rules” for classical conditioning?

Answer 7

CS must come before the UCS, CS and UCS most come close together in time, NS and UCS must be paired several times, and CS must be distinct in the environment

Question 8

Stimulus generalization

Answer 8

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

Question 9

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 9

Learning to respond differently to different stimuli

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

removal of UCS entirely will gradually lead to the CS no longer occurring (although the CR is still in the brain)

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

When a specific stimulus leads to the recovery of a previously “extinct” CS

Question 12

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 12

A strong conditioned response is paired with an NS (and that NS becomes a secondary CS)

Question 13

John B. Watson

Answer 13

Behavioralist who conditioned little Albert to fear rats

Question 14

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 14

Being conditioned to feel emotions at certain stimuli (like fear)

Question 15

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 15

Becoming classically conditioned from watching someone else respond to a stimulus

Question 16

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 16

Being conditioned not to like eating something (even if the UCR doesn’t happen immediately afterwards)

Question 17

Stimulus substitution

Answer 17

Pavlov’s idea that CS are associated with UCS, and therefore activate nearby brain areas

Question 18

Robert Rescorla

Answer 18

Found that the CS had to provide info about all the upcoming UCS in order to achieve conditioning

Question 19

Operant conditioning

Answer 19

Learning voluntary behaviors

Question 20

Edward Thordike

Answer 20

Studied operant conditioning by putting cats in a box and letting them learn how to “solve” the box and get out, also discovered law of effect

Question 21

Law of Effect

Answer 21

Discovered by Thorndike; states that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will be repeated, and if it’s followed with a negative consequence it will not be.

Question 22

Skinner

Answer 22

Coined the name “operant conditioning”, defined reinforcement as anything that increases behavior. Had the “turn” and “peck” experiment.

Question 23

Primary reinforcer

Answer 23

A reinforcer that fulfills a basic need (like food!)

Question 24

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 24

Works because of associations with past primary reinforcers (like money!)

Question 25

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 25

A response that is reinforced after only some responses will take longer to learn but take more time to fade, while a response reinforced each time will be faster to learn but also undergo extinction faster.

Question 26

Positive reinforcement

Answer 26

Increases behavior by adding something desireable

Question 27

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

Increases behavior by taking away something undesirable

Question 28

Positive punishment

Answer 28

Decreases behavior by adding something undesirable

Question 29

Negative punishment

Answer 29

Decreases behavior by taking away something pleasurable

Question 30

Fixed interval

Answer 30

The same reinforcer is received after a fixed amount of time, no matter how often the correct behavior is exhibited (like a salaried pay check)

Question 31

Variable interval

Answer 31

The same reinforcer is received after a random amount of time no matter how often the correct behavior is exhibited (like waiting for a wave while surfing)

Question 32

Fixed ratio

Answer 32

The reinforcer is determined by how often the behavior is exhibited, and is directly proportional to how often/how much the behavior is (like an hourly pay check)

Question 33

Variable ratio

Answer 33

The reinforcer is determined by how often the behavior is exhibited, but the amount of behavior to get the reinforcer is random (like gambling)

Question 34

What are the problems with punishment?

Answer 34

Often doesn't follow the behavior, teaches the person to avoid the wrong things, can lead to lying, can create fear, anxiety, and aggression, and can lead to learned helplessness.

Question 35

Learned helplessness

Answer 35

Being more willing to give up and stop trying after a history of failures

Question 36

Discriminitave stimulus

Answer 36

Provides a person with a cue for a particular response (a police car is a discriminative stimulus to slow down while driving)

Question 37

Shaping

Answer 37

Small steps towards a goal are reinforced at each step

Question 38

Behavior modification

Answer 38

Application of operant conditioning to change behavior in therapy

Question 39

Token economy

Answer 39

Use of money to modify behavior

Question 40

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Answer 40

uses analysis of current behavior with behavioral techniques to address a socially relevant issue

Question 41

Biofeedback

Answer 41

Information like heart rate that shows a person's mood

Question 42

Neurofeedback

Answer 42

Information about the brain from an EEG to show a person's mood

Question 43

Important Gestalt psychologists studying learning

Answer 43

Tolman (rats), Kohler (chimp), and Seligman (sad dogs)

Question 44

Edward Tolman

Answer 44

Gestalt psychologist who discovered latent learning through rats in a maze

Question 45

Latent Learning

Answer 45

learning that happens without reinforcement and effects later behavior.

Question 46

Cognitive map

Answer 46

Being aware of your surroundings even when you aren't directly seeing them

Question 47

Wolgang Kohler

Answer 47

Had a chimp get a banana with a stick, learned about insight

Question 48

Insight

Answer 48

The "ah-ha!" moment!

Question 49

Martin Seligman

Answer 49

Discovered helplessness in dogs

Question 50

Observational learning

Answer 50

Learning new behavior through watching someone else demonstrate behavior

Question 51

Albert Bandura

Answer 51

Demonstrated observational learning with the weird bobo doll

Question 52

Learning/performance distinction

Answer 52

The fact that learning can take place without actual performance

Question 53

What four things does observational learning require?

Answer 53

Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Desire (AMID)