Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH > Intellegence and Learning > Flashcards

Intellegence and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

The ~thing~ in the brain that allows one to use and understand language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Believed that language is all NATURE, with the basic language schema being wired into the human brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four components of Linguistics

A

Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and pragmatics/semantics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds of a word (Duh-uh-ke-luh-ee-ng-s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Morphemes

A

Building blocks of a word (Duck-ling-s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Syntax

A

Structure of a sentence (I feed the ducklings/The ducklings are fed by me)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pragmatics/Semantics

A

Word choice (Ducklings vs. Small ducks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky

A

Tried to figure out if language caused thinking or if thinking caused language, and decided that “concepts are the pegs on which words are hung”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Collective monologue

A

Nonsocial speech (like when kids babble to themselves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

A

Thought processes are controlled by language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf

A

Coined the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cognitive universalism

A

Concepts are universal and are the things that influence language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What three criteria must language meet?

A

Productivity (totally unique sentences can be made), Semanticity (sounds symbolize objects), and Displacement (ability to talk about abstract things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Medulla

A

Top of the brain stem, controls basic life-sustaining functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pons

A

On top of the medulla, coordinates movement between left and right sides of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reticular Formation (RF)

A

In the brainstem, controls a person’s ability to ignore constant stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Keeps you awake and alert, part of the RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Mini brain at the back of the head, controls all involuntary motor movement (like balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thalamus

A

Center of the brain, processes information before sending it to the correct cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

The part of the cortex that deals with smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Underneath the thalamus, regulates chemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amygdala

A

Small and at the front of the brain, responsible for emotions and fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Occupital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Helps identify and make sense of visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Parietal Lobe
Contains the somatosensory cortex, which processes information from skin receptors for touch, temperature, and position
26
Temporal Lobe
Contains the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area to interpret language
27
Frontal Lobe
Performs all higher brain functions like planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language (connected to the limbic system)
28
Association areas
Areas devoted to making connections between sensory information and stored information
29
Broca's area
Area in the left frontal lobe that allows for speech production
30
Wernicke's area
Area in the left temporal lobe responsible for understanding words
31
Left Hemisphere
Specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, rhythm, and analysis
32
Right Hemisphere
Specializes in global processing, spatial perception, pattern recognition, and expression (but not speech!)
33
Skinner
Believed language is all NURTURE and a result of operant conditioning
34
In utero learning
When fetuses begin to pick up language while in the womb
35
Synaptic pruning
Babies have a ton of synapses that allow them to do things not really necessary in the world (like distinguishing lemur faces) that eventually disappear as babies grow up and can never be recovered
36
Speech discrimination
We can only distinguish between phonemes we are familiar with
37
Facial expression
Babies learn language at first through watching people talk
38
When does cooing take place?
2-3 months
39
When does babbling take place?
4-6 months
40
When does patterned speech begin to take place?
Around 1-2 years
41
When is the first word normally spoken?
1 year
42
When does telegraphic speech begin?
2 years
43
Overextension
Using the same words for everything due to a small "word bank"
44
Overgeneralization
Incorrectly applying grammar rules ("I goed to the store")
45
When does phoneme production begin?
4-6 years
46
Metaphonology
Being able to understand morphenes and how they work
47
How are mental images constructed
Info from stored knowledge is sent to the visual cortex (the exact opposite as real images)
48
Prototype
The ideal of a concept
49
Metacognition
Thinking about how we think
50
Artificial/Formal concepts
Technical, universally agreed upon ideas (tomato is a fruit)
51
Natural concepts
The way you would describe something (tomato feels like a vegetable)
52
Mechanical solution
Trail and error, trying one solution after another until something works
53
Algorithms
Specific procedures for solving certain types of problems (like a rubik's cube)
54
Heuristic
Rule of thumb intended to apply to many situations
55
Representativeness Heuristic
Any thing that shares characteristics of things in a category must be a part of that category
56
Availability Heuristic
Our estimation of the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information
57
Functional fixedness
Thinking about things only in terms of their traditional uses
58
Mental set
Tendency for people to persist in using problem solving patterns that worked in the past
59
Confirmation bias
Searching for evidence that fits with one's beliefs while ignoring evidence that doesn't
60
Creativity
Solving problems by combining ideas and behavior in new ways
61
Convergent thinking
A problem is seen as having one solution, with all lines of thinking leading towards the one answer
62
Divergent thinking
Start at one point and come up with different ideas based off of it
63
Steps of problem solving
Preparation, Production, and Evaluation
64
Means-end analysis
Make steps towards a solution and reassess at each step (like being lost in a mall)
65
Creating subgoals
Plan multiple steps in order to reach your goal (like thesis)
66
Intellegence
The ability to learn from experiences, acquire knowledge, and effectively use resources
67
Spearman
Believed that intelligence was g-factor and s-factor, and if you were intelligent in those terms, you were intelligent in everything
68
S-factor
Specific intelligence, task specific abilities
69
G-factor
General intelligence, the ability to reason and solve problems
70
Gardner
There are nine intelligence categories. His ideas were misapplied to "learning styles"
71
Sternberg
Believed in the triarchic theory of intelligence, with analytical (book smarts), creative (divergent thinking), and practical (street smarts) intelligence.
72
Francis Galton
First to use surveys to collect data on intellegence
73
Binet's Mental Ability test
Tested mental age
74
Standford-Binet IQ
Measures IQ as a quotient of mental age and actual age
75
SB5
Stanford-Binet test used for children
76
Wechsler Test
Series of IQ tests designed for different age groups
77
Crystallized intellegence
"Steady" knowledge we've accumulated over time
78
Fluid intellegence
Ability to problem solve and reason abstractly
79
Adrien Dove
Created the Chitling Test
80
Chitling Test
Showed language and dialect barriers between children of different cultures during IQ testing
81
What must happen for someone to have a intellectual disability
They must have a low IQ, low adaptive behavior, and the disability must have begun during childhood
82
DSM-5
Diagnoses for intellectual disability
83
What are DSM-5 diagnoses based on?
Intellectual functioning for conceptual skills (like academics, memory, social judgement, and language), social skills, and practical skills
84
Fragile X syndrome
A brain protein deficiency caused by a defect on the 23rd pair of the X chromosome
85
Lewis Terman
Found gifted children to be better leaders, taller, more attractive, and only having social issues in childhood
86
Joan Freeman
Found gifted children who were pushed to succeed were unhappy in adulthood
87
Emotional intellegence
Awareness of and ability to manage one's emotions and to understand emotions of others
88
Flynn effect
Generations are getting smarter over time
89
Thurstone
Believed in 7 elements of intellegence
90
Guilford
Believed in 120 elements of intellegence
91
Cattle
Fluid and crystallized intelligence are the two most important measures

PSYCH (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions