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PSYCH > Intellegence and Learning > Flashcards

Intellegence and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

The ~thing~ in the brain that allows one to use and understand language

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2
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Believed that language is all NATURE, with the basic language schema being wired into the human brain

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3
Q

What are the four components of Linguistics

A

Phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and pragmatics/semantics

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4
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds of a word (Duh-uh-ke-luh-ee-ng-s)

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5
Q

Morphemes

A

Building blocks of a word (Duck-ling-s)

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6
Q

Syntax

A

Structure of a sentence (I feed the ducklings/The ducklings are fed by me)

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7
Q

Pragmatics/Semantics

A

Word choice (Ducklings vs. Small ducks)

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8
Q

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky

A

Tried to figure out if language caused thinking or if thinking caused language, and decided that “concepts are the pegs on which words are hung”

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9
Q

Collective monologue

A

Nonsocial speech (like when kids babble to themselves)

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10
Q

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)

A

Thought processes are controlled by language

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11
Q

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf

A

Coined the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis

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12
Q

Cognitive universalism

A

Concepts are universal and are the things that influence language

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13
Q

What three criteria must language meet?

A

Productivity (totally unique sentences can be made), Semanticity (sounds symbolize objects), and Displacement (ability to talk about abstract things)

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14
Q

Medulla

A

Top of the brain stem, controls basic life-sustaining functions

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15
Q

Pons

A

On top of the medulla, coordinates movement between left and right sides of the brain

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16
Q

Reticular Formation (RF)

A

In the brainstem, controls a person’s ability to ignore constant stimuli

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17
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Keeps you awake and alert, part of the RF

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Mini brain at the back of the head, controls all involuntary motor movement (like balance)

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Center of the brain, processes information before sending it to the correct cortex

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20
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

The part of the cortex that deals with smell

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Underneath the thalamus, regulates chemostasis

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

Small and at the front of the brain, responsible for emotions and fear

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23
Q

Occupital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

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24
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Helps identify and make sense of visual information

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25
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Contains the somatosensory cortex, which processes information from skin receptors for touch, temperature, and position

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26
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Contains the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area to interpret language

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27
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Performs all higher brain functions like planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language (connected to the limbic system)

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28
Q

Association areas

A

Areas devoted to making connections between sensory information and stored information

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29
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area in the left frontal lobe that allows for speech production

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30
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Area in the left temporal lobe responsible for understanding words

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31
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, rhythm, and analysis

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32
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Specializes in global processing, spatial perception, pattern recognition, and expression (but not speech!)

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33
Q

Skinner

A

Believed language is all NURTURE and a result of operant conditioning

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34
Q

In utero learning

A

When fetuses begin to pick up language while in the womb

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35
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Babies have a ton of synapses that allow them to do things not really necessary in the world (like distinguishing lemur faces) that eventually disappear as babies grow up and can never be recovered

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36
Q

Speech discrimination

A

We can only distinguish between phonemes we are familiar with

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37
Q

Facial expression

A

Babies learn language at first through watching people talk

38
Q

When does cooing take place?

A

2-3 months

39
Q

When does babbling take place?

A

4-6 months

40
Q

When does patterned speech begin to take place?

A

Around 1-2 years

41
Q

When is the first word normally spoken?

A

1 year

42
Q

When does telegraphic speech begin?

A

2 years

43
Q

Overextension

A

Using the same words for everything due to a small “word bank”

44
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Incorrectly applying grammar rules (“I goed to the store”)

45
Q

When does phoneme production begin?

A

4-6 years

46
Q

Metaphonology

A

Being able to understand morphenes and how they work

47
Q

How are mental images constructed

A

Info from stored knowledge is sent to the visual cortex (the exact opposite as real images)

48
Q

Prototype

A

The ideal of a concept

49
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about how we think

50
Q

Artificial/Formal concepts

A

Technical, universally agreed upon ideas (tomato is a fruit)

51
Q

Natural concepts

A

The way you would describe something (tomato feels like a vegetable)

52
Q

Mechanical solution

A

Trail and error, trying one solution after another until something works

53
Q

Algorithms

A

Specific procedures for solving certain types of problems (like a rubik’s cube)

54
Q

Heuristic

A

Rule of thumb intended to apply to many situations

55
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Any thing that shares characteristics of things in a category must be a part of that category

56
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Our estimation of the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information

57
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Thinking about things only in terms of their traditional uses

58
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency for people to persist in using problem solving patterns that worked in the past

59
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Searching for evidence that fits with one’s beliefs while ignoring evidence that doesn’t

60
Q

Creativity

A

Solving problems by combining ideas and behavior in new ways

61
Q

Convergent thinking

A

A problem is seen as having one solution, with all lines of thinking leading towards the one answer

62
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Start at one point and come up with different ideas based off of it

63
Q

Steps of problem solving

A

Preparation, Production, and Evaluation

64
Q

Means-end analysis

A

Make steps towards a solution and reassess at each step (like being lost in a mall)

65
Q

Creating subgoals

A

Plan multiple steps in order to reach your goal (like thesis)

66
Q

Intellegence

A

The ability to learn from experiences, acquire knowledge, and effectively use resources

67
Q

Spearman

A

Believed that intelligence was g-factor and s-factor, and if you were intelligent in those terms, you were intelligent in everything

68
Q

S-factor

A

Specific intelligence, task specific abilities

69
Q

G-factor

A

General intelligence, the ability to reason and solve problems

70
Q

Gardner

A

There are nine intelligence categories. His ideas were misapplied to “learning styles”

71
Q

Sternberg

A

Believed in the triarchic theory of intelligence, with analytical (book smarts), creative (divergent thinking), and practical (street smarts) intelligence.

72
Q

Francis Galton

A

First to use surveys to collect data on intellegence

73
Q

Binet’s Mental Ability test

A

Tested mental age

74
Q

Standford-Binet IQ

A

Measures IQ as a quotient of mental age and actual age

75
Q

SB5

A

Stanford-Binet test used for children

76
Q

Wechsler Test

A

Series of IQ tests designed for different age groups

77
Q

Crystallized intellegence

A

“Steady” knowledge we’ve accumulated over time

78
Q

Fluid intellegence

A

Ability to problem solve and reason abstractly

79
Q

Adrien Dove

A

Created the Chitling Test

80
Q

Chitling Test

A

Showed language and dialect barriers between children of different cultures during IQ testing

81
Q

What must happen for someone to have a intellectual disability

A

They must have a low IQ, low adaptive behavior, and the disability must have begun during childhood

82
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnoses for intellectual disability

83
Q

What are DSM-5 diagnoses based on?

A

Intellectual functioning for conceptual skills (like academics, memory, social judgement, and language), social skills, and practical skills

84
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

A brain protein deficiency caused by a defect on the 23rd pair of the X chromosome

85
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Found gifted children to be better leaders, taller, more attractive, and only having social issues in childhood

86
Q

Joan Freeman

A

Found gifted children who were pushed to succeed were unhappy in adulthood

87
Q

Emotional intellegence

A

Awareness of and ability to manage one’s emotions and to understand emotions of others

88
Q

Flynn effect

A

Generations are getting smarter over time

89
Q

Thurstone

A

Believed in 7 elements of intellegence

90
Q

Guilford

A

Believed in 120 elements of intellegence

91
Q

Cattle

A

Fluid and crystallized intelligence are the two most important measures

PSYCH (7 decks)

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