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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The way each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life

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2
Q

Character

A

Value judgements made about a person’s ethical behavior

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3
Q

Temperament

A

Enduring characteristics with which a person is born

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4
Q

Who were the first people to discuss physiological roots of personality?

A

Empedocles and Hippocrates

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5
Q

Galen

A

Philosopher who believed personality was related to blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

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6
Q

Psychodynamic perspective on personality

A

Personality is created by the subconscious and by biological differences

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7
Q

Behaviorist perspective on personality

A

Focuses on the effect environment has on personality, interactions with others, and personal thought processes

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8
Q

Humanistic perspective on personality

A

Focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences in personality development

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9
Q

Trait perspective

A

Focuses on the end result of personality, rather than on how personality itself is derived

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10
Q

Three parts of the mind (according to Freud)

A

Preconscious (memories), conscious (current awareness), and unconscious (hidden mind)

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11
Q

Three parts of personality (according to Freud)

A

Id, ego, and superego

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12
Q

Id

A

Unconscious desires. Made of pure nature and operates under the pleasure principle

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13
Q

Superego

A

Morals. Made of pure nuture and operates under the morality principle and the conscience

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14
Q

Ego

A

Manager. Maintains the balance between nature and nurture and operates under the reality principle

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15
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms

A

Dealing with anxiety from interactions between id/ego/superego by unconsciously distorting one’s perception of reality

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16
Q

Compensation

A

Emphasizing personal strengths in one area to shift focus from failure in another (you fail a test, so you start talking about how good you did in yesterday’s basketball game)

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17
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to accept an obvious situation because of the emotional pain it causes (this failed test can’t possibly be mine!)

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18
Q

Displacement

A

Taking out one’s anger or frustration on a person or object that isn’t the cause of the offense (breaking your pencil after failing the test)

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19
Q

Identification

A

Associating with people of higher status to increase your own status (freshmen in PAC)

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20
Q

Intellectualization

A

Describing painful events in abstract or academic terms (robotically going over the test with your teacher)

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21
Q

Projection

A

Assuming another person has/is responsible for your feelings (telling other students who also failed that they’re stupid)

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22
Q

Rationalization

A

Making logical excuses for illogical behaviors (I only failed because my teacher sucks)

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23
Q

Reaction formation

A

Replacing feelings that are unacceptable with feelings that are (facilitating a study group instead of giving up completely)

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24
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to childlike behavior to get attention (crying when you get back your failed test)

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25
Q

Repression

A

Unconsciously forgetting upsetting information (not remembering taking the test in the first place)

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26
Q

Sublimation

A

Using acceptable activities such as excursive as a substitute for sexual energies (being upset about the test and therefore organizing your backpack)

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27
Q

Passive aggressiveness

A

Unassertive expression of negative sentiments (being late the day after you get your test back)

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28
Q

Oral Stage

A

0-18 months
Erogenous zone: mouth
Conflict: weaning
Fixation: Can be dependent, gullible, and optimistic (sucker) OR aggressive, hostile, sarcastic, and pessimistic (mouth off)

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29
Q

Anal Stage

A

18 months-3 years
Erogenous zone: Anus
Conflict: Potty training
Fixation: sloppy, irresponsible, rebellious, hostile, destructive (anal expulsive), OR stingy, stubborn, rigid, and excessively neat (anal retentive)

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30
Q

Phallic Stage

A

3-6 years
Erogenous zone: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex
Fixation: Boys become reckless, self-assures, vain, proud, bad at relationships, and gay, while girls become stuck feeling inferior to men

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31
Q

Latency Stage

A

6 years-puberty

All conflicts are ignored through sublimation and reaction formation (separating genders)

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32
Q

Genital Stage

A

Puberty-always

Either you make it to a happy relationship, or you don’t and never will!

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33
Q

Castration anxiety

A

Boys meet girls and become terrified they’ll lose their penises

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34
Q

Penis envy

A

Girls meet boys and want penises

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35
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Guys want to be with their moms

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36
Q

Electra complex

A

Girls learn to identify with their mothers and repress feelings for their fathers

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37
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Retained Freud’s ideas about subconscious while ignoring the weird sexual stuff

38
Q

Carl Jung

A

An analytical neo-freudian psychologist who focused on the collective unconscious of humans

39
Q

Collective unconscious

A

All humans have a genetically coded unconscious of scary things/normal things, characterized by archetypes

40
Q

Alfred Alder

A

Neo-Freudian who didn’t like Freud at all but still focused on childhood and the individual. Believed in the importance of having and inferiority complex and a “will-to-power”

41
Q

Inferiority complex

A

Everyone should feel inferior in childhood

42
Q

Will-to-power

A

Coming to realize you do have control over your life and aren’t inferior

43
Q

Karen Horney

A

Neo-Freudian who got rid of Freud’s weird sexist ideas, focused on interactions (not conflicts), basic anxiety (not inferiority complex), and power envy (not penis envy)

44
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Neo-freudian who focused on social relationships

45
Q

Social cognitive learning theorists

A

Emphasize the importance of other people’s behavior and a person’s own expectancies of learning

46
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

Behavior is governed by cognitive processes

47
Q

Albert Bandura (bobo doll guy)

A

Environment, behavior, and cognitive processes are the three components of personality

48
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The ways in which environment, behavior, and cognitive processes interact with each other

49
Q

Self-efficacy

A

A person’s expectations of how effective their efforts to accomplish their goals will be in a given situation

50
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Believed people seek reinforcement and avoid punishment, which is how personality is formed. Personality is a set of potential responses to various situations.

51
Q

What factors did Julian Rotter believe influenced our choices to act in certain ways?

A

Expectancy (a person’s feeling that the behavior they chose will work) and reinforcement value (how good the reward of success is)

52
Q

Humanist perspective on personality

A

Focus on subjective emotions and freedom

53
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Believed all humans want to fulfill what they are capable of

54
Q

Self-actualizing tendency

A

Striving for fulfillment

55
Q

Self-concept

A

Image of onesself

56
Q

Real self

A

One’s actual perception of character

57
Q

Ideal self

A

Perception of what one should be

58
Q

Positive regard

A

Warmth and friendliness that comes from our interactions with others

59
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Having love from others no matter what

60
Q

Conditional positive regard

A

Love that comes from others at a price (I love you because you’re smart!)

61
Q

Fully functional person (humanistic perspective)

A

Someone who actively explores potentials and has congruency between real and ideal selves

62
Q

Trait theory

A

Describes personality and predicts behavior based off of that description

63
Q

Trait

A

Consistent and enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

64
Q

Gordon Allport

A

There are around 200 unique traits coded into the brain, created trait hierarchies (constellations) with little explanation

65
Q

Surface traits

A

Characteristics easily seen by others (like Allport’s traits)

66
Q

Source traits

A

More basic, fundamental traits (like introversion)

67
Q

Factor analysis

A

Statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities

68
Q

Cattle

A

There are 23 source traits, used charts (factor analysis), observation, and interviews to gather data

69
Q

Five factor model

A 
Coined by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
Openness-response to new situations
Conscientiousness-how you work on goals
Extraversion-how you tolerate sensory stimuli
Agreeableness-how you defer to others
Neuroticism-how you respond to stress
70
Q

Trait-situation interaction

A

Coined by Walter Mischen, says that the circumstances of a situation influence how a trait is expressed

71
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Study of how much of personality is inherited

72
Q

Twin studies

A

Determined personality is 25-50% inheritable

73
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Used the greek terminology of four points to classify personality

74
Q

Issues with trait theory

A

No explanation (just labels), very little stability (nature vs. nurture?), and trait vs. situation can change

75
Q

Eclectic view of personality

A

Choosing parts of different theories that best fit a particular situation, rather than always using one theory

76
Q

Interview

A

Unstructured or structured dialogue between patient and psychologist

77
Q

Halo effect

A

Forming an impression of someone at first meeting and interpreting all of that person’s comments/behaviors to agree with that impression

78
Q

Projective tests

A

Tests where the patient projects unconscious desires onto visual stimuli, like the Rorschach test or the TAT

79
Q

Direct observation

A

Mostly used with children, a naturalistic approach

80
Q

Rating scale

A

A specific numerical rating is assigned to different behaviors

81
Q

Frequency count

A

Frequency of behaviors is recorded

82
Q

Personality inventory (objective tests)

A

Personality tests with “yes”, “no”, and “maybe” questions

83
Q

MMPI-2

A

Test for abnormal behavior

84
Q

MBTI

A

16 personalities based off of Carl Jung’s ideas

85
Q

Brain area for Extraversion

A

Medial orbiofrontal cortex

86
Q

Brain area for Neuroticism

A

Same areas that deal with threat, punishment, and reward

87
Q

Brain area for Agreeableness

A

Same areas that deal with intention

88
Q

Brain area for Conscienciousness

A

Left lateral prefrontal cortex

89
Q

Brain area for Openness

A

No one knows!

90
Q

Barnum effect

A

We LOVE personality tests, as long as they’re personal and slightly positive

91
Q

Self-validation

A

Wanting to believe good things about yourself

PSYCH (7 decks)

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