Memory Test

Question 1

Information-Processing Model

Answer 1

Like a computer, focuses on how information is handled throughout encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 2

Levels-of-Processing Model

Answer 2

Assumes that the length of time for which a memory is remembered relies on the depth to which that information was processed

Question 3

Parallel Distributing Processing Model

Answer 3

Memory is a simultaneous process designed like a sort of web stretched across the brain, with related memories stored near each other

Question 4

Sensory Memory

Answer 4

First stage of memory, includes iconic (sensory) memory and echoic (auditory) memory

Question 5

Iconic memory

Answer 5

Includes everything that can be seen at one time but only lasts a fraction of a second before it’s replaced with new iconic memories

Question 6

Eidetic memory

Answer 6

When people can access iconic memories for a much longer period of time (aka photographic memory)

Question 7

Echoic memory

Answer 7

Brief memory of something a person has heard, lasts several seconds

Question 8

Short Term Memory

Answer 8

Held for around 30 seconds, primarily encoded in an auditory form (aka working memory)

Question 9

Three Parts to Working memory

Answer 9

Central executive manages everything, phonological rehearsal loop is the internal monologue, and the visuospatial sketchpad is the ability to function in the world around you

Question 10

George Miller

Answer 10

Did experiments to discover that the short term memory could hold about seven items at a time

Question 11

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 11

Repeating something over and over so that you hold onto the memory longer (aka rote learning)

Question 12

Serial positioning

Answer 12

Remembering the first and last items in a sequence more than the middle ones

Question 13

Primacy effect

Answer 13

Easily remembering the first item in a sequence

Question 14

Recency effect

Answer 14

Easily remembering the last item in a sequence

Question 15

Chunking

Answer 15

Grouping items in a sequence into smaller “chunks” so that you remember them better (like a phone number!)

Question 16

Long Term Memory

Answer 16

System in which information is permanently kept (but not always accessible)

Question 17

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 17

Transferring memories from short term to long term by making it personally meaningful

Question 18

Nondeclaritive (implicit) LTM

Answer 18

Memories for skills you can physically do (but can’t directly voice)

Question 19

Procedural memories

Answer 19

Implicit memories that include skills and habits

Question 20

Priming memories

Answer 20

Implicit memories that set you up to encode information a particular way (like becoming more jumpy after watching a horror movie)

Question 21

Declaritive (explicit) LTM

Answer 21

Memories for facts that are known and can be stated

Question 22

Semantic memories

Answer 22

Explicit memories that are widely known facts (like names and dates)

Question 23

Episodic memories

Answer 23

Explicit memories that are autobiographical (typical memories)

Question 24

Prospective memory

Answer 24

Remembering things you have to do in the future

Question 25

Retrospective memory

Answer 25

Remembering things you have done in the past

Question 26

Retrieval cue

Answer 26

A stimulus to help access a memory

Question 27

Encoding specificity

Answer 27

The connection between surroundings and remembered information

Question 28

Automatic encoding

Answer 28

A memory is moved to long term with almost no effort

Question 29

Effortful encoding

Answer 29

A memory is moved to long term only after effort and practice

Question 30

Flashbulb memories

Answer 30

The mind takes a snapshot of a specific exciting/emotional event

Question 31

Hyperthymesia

Answer 31

Remembering everything (and not being able to forget anything)

Question 32

Mnemonist

Answer 32

Someone with exceptional memory ability

Question 33

Curve of forgetting

Answer 33

Created by Ebbinghaus, suggests that forgetting happens quickly within the first hour of learning, but information that is remembered after that will be remembered for a long time

Question 34

Distributed practice

Answer 34

Spacing out study sessions in order to better retrieve the memorized information

Question 35

Massed practiced

Answer 35

Trying to memorize a ton of information at once

Question 36

Encoding failure

Answer 36

When a memory isn't even encoded past sensory memory

Question 37

Memory trace

Answer 37

The physical change in the brain that takes place when a memory is formed

Question 38

Decay theory

Answer 38

Memories that aren't used fade over time

Question 39

Proactive interference

Answer 39

Old information interferes with new

Question 40

Retroactive interference

Answer 40

New information interferes with old

Question 41

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 41

Creating stronger neural pathways through either growing more dendrites on neurons or increasing/decreasing excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters

Question 42

Consolidation

Answer 42

"Hardening" a memory

Question 43

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 43

Not being able to remember anything before or leading up to an injury or accident (less common, less permanent)

Question 44

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 44

Not being able to form new memories after an injury or accident (more common, more permanent)

Question 45

Infantile amnesia

Answer 45

Not being able to remember our childhood because most childhood memories are implicit

Question 46

Motivated forgetting

Answer 46

A memory is so terrible its forgotten, either through suppression or repression

Question 47

Repression

Answer 47

Unconscious forgetting because something is traumatizing (Freudian)

Question 48

Suppression

Answer 48

Conscious forgetting because you don't like it when a memory is retrieved (still under your control)

Question 49

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 49

Big contributor to science of forgetting

Question 50

Constructive processing

Answer 50

The theory that memories are rebuilt each time they are retrieved from the information stored during encoding

Question 51

Hindsight bias

Answer 51

Believing you had a feeling about an event before it happened due to your brain ignoring contradictory info

Question 52

Misinformation effect

Answer 52

Creating false memories because of exposure to new information following an event (primary reason why eyewitness testimony is shit)

Question 53

False-memory syndrome

Answer 53

Creating false memories due to suggestion under hypnosis

Question 54

Sharpening

Answer 54

Emphasizing pieces of information from a story that your brain remembers and making them into the core part of that story

Question 55

Assimilation

Answer 55

Removing discrepant information in a story to conform to what you already know

Question 56

Leveling

Answer 56

Stories get shorter the more they are repeated due to the removal of unimportant information.