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PSYCH > Memory Test > Flashcards

Memory Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Information-Processing Model

A

Like a computer, focuses on how information is handled throughout encoding, storage, and retrieval

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2
Q

Levels-of-Processing Model

A

Assumes that the length of time for which a memory is remembered relies on the depth to which that information was processed

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3
Q

Parallel Distributing Processing Model

A

Memory is a simultaneous process designed like a sort of web stretched across the brain, with related memories stored near each other

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4
Q

Sensory Memory

A

First stage of memory, includes iconic (sensory) memory and echoic (auditory) memory

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5
Q

Iconic memory

A

Includes everything that can be seen at one time but only lasts a fraction of a second before it’s replaced with new iconic memories

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6
Q

Eidetic memory

A

When people can access iconic memories for a much longer period of time (aka photographic memory)

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7
Q

Echoic memory

A

Brief memory of something a person has heard, lasts several seconds

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8
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Held for around 30 seconds, primarily encoded in an auditory form (aka working memory)

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9
Q

Three Parts to Working memory

A

Central executive manages everything, phonological rehearsal loop is the internal monologue, and the visuospatial sketchpad is the ability to function in the world around you

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10
Q

George Miller

A

Did experiments to discover that the short term memory could hold about seven items at a time

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11
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating something over and over so that you hold onto the memory longer (aka rote learning)

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12
Q

Serial positioning

A

Remembering the first and last items in a sequence more than the middle ones

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13
Q

Primacy effect

A

Easily remembering the first item in a sequence

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14
Q

Recency effect

A

Easily remembering the last item in a sequence

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items in a sequence into smaller “chunks” so that you remember them better (like a phone number!)

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16
Q

Long Term Memory

A

System in which information is permanently kept (but not always accessible)

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17
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Transferring memories from short term to long term by making it personally meaningful

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18
Q

Nondeclaritive (implicit) LTM

A

Memories for skills you can physically do (but can’t directly voice)

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19
Q

Procedural memories

A

Implicit memories that include skills and habits

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20
Q

Priming memories

A

Implicit memories that set you up to encode information a particular way (like becoming more jumpy after watching a horror movie)

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21
Q

Declaritive (explicit) LTM

A

Memories for facts that are known and can be stated

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22
Q

Semantic memories

A

Explicit memories that are widely known facts (like names and dates)

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23
Q

Episodic memories

A

Explicit memories that are autobiographical (typical memories)

24
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering things you have to do in the future

25
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Remembering things you have done in the past

26
Q

Retrieval cue

A

A stimulus to help access a memory

27
Q

Encoding specificity

A

The connection between surroundings and remembered information

28
Q

Automatic encoding

A

A memory is moved to long term with almost no effort

29
Q

Effortful encoding

A

A memory is moved to long term only after effort and practice

30
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

The mind takes a snapshot of a specific exciting/emotional event

31
Q

Hyperthymesia

A

Remembering everything (and not being able to forget anything)

32
Q

Mnemonist

A

Someone with exceptional memory ability

33
Q

Curve of forgetting

A

Created by Ebbinghaus, suggests that forgetting happens quickly within the first hour of learning, but information that is remembered after that will be remembered for a long time

34
Q

Distributed practice

A

Spacing out study sessions in order to better retrieve the memorized information

35
Q

Massed practiced

A

Trying to memorize a ton of information at once

36
Q

Encoding failure

A

When a memory isn’t even encoded past sensory memory

37
Q

Memory trace

A

The physical change in the brain that takes place when a memory is formed

38
Q

Decay theory

A

Memories that aren’t used fade over time

39
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old information interferes with new

40
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information interferes with old

41
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

Creating stronger neural pathways through either growing more dendrites on neurons or increasing/decreasing excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters

42
Q

Consolidation

A

“Hardening” a memory

43
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Not being able to remember anything before or leading up to an injury or accident (less common, less permanent)

44
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Not being able to form new memories after an injury or accident (more common, more permanent)

45
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Not being able to remember our childhood because most childhood memories are implicit

46
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

A memory is so terrible its forgotten, either through suppression or repression

47
Q

Repression

A

Unconscious forgetting because something is traumatizing (Freudian)

48
Q

Suppression

A

Conscious forgetting because you don’t like it when a memory is retrieved (still under your control)

49
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Big contributor to science of forgetting

50
Q

Constructive processing

A

The theory that memories are rebuilt each time they are retrieved from the information stored during encoding

51
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Believing you had a feeling about an event before it happened due to your brain ignoring contradictory info

52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Creating false memories because of exposure to new information following an event (primary reason why eyewitness testimony is shit)

53
Q

False-memory syndrome

A

Creating false memories due to suggestion under hypnosis

54
Q

Sharpening

A

Emphasizing pieces of information from a story that your brain remembers and making them into the core part of that story

55
Q

Assimilation

A

Removing discrepant information in a story to conform to what you already know

56
Q

Leveling

A

Stories get shorter the more they are repeated due to the removal of unimportant information.

PSYCH (7 decks)

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