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Nephrology > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Validity

A

extent to which something measures what it claims to measure.

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2
Q

Internal Validity

A

Confidence that we can place in the cause and effect relationship in a study.
Ie something else did not cause the change

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3
Q

Reliability

A

extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials.

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4
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which the conclusions in a study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times, i.e. its ability to generalise.

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5
Q

Standard Deviations

A

How spread out is the data from the mean

1: 68.2
2: 95.8
3: 99.7

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6
Q

How can you read skewed data?

A

IQ ranges

Median

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7
Q

Box and whisker plots

A

Used for skewed data

IQ ranges and median

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8
Q

Box and whisker plots

A
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9
Q

Mann Whitney U test

A

Non parametric

compares ordinal, interval, or ratio scales of unpaired data

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10
Q

Wilcoxon test

A

Before and after test on same population

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11
Q

Student t test

A

normally distributed
paired data – from the same group of patients
unpaired - different groups

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12
Q

Pearsons, Spearmans

A

Pearsons - norm dis
Spearmans - not
Correalation

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13
Q

Chi squared

A

non parametric
between 2 groups
compares percentages/ proportions

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14
Q

Type 1 error

A

the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

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15
Q

T2 Error

A

the acceptance of the null hypothesis when it is actually false

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16
Q

Power of a study

A

the probability of (correctly) rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false, i.e. the probability of detecting a statistically significant difference
power = 1 - the probability of a type II error

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17
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

People change their behaviour because they know theyre being studied

18
Q

Parametric data

A

Normally distributed

19
Q

Parametric test examples

A

Students T test

Pearsons

20
Q

Likelihood ratio (positive)

A

Sens/ 1- spec

21
Q

Likelihood ratio (negative)

A

1-sens/ spec

22
Q

Absolute risk

A

CER - EER

23
Q

Relative risk

A

EER/ CER

24
Q

Relative risk reduction

A

Absolute risk/ CER

25
Q

Number needed to treat

A

1/AR

26
Q

Pearson test

A

Normally distributed

Correlation

27
Q

Funnel plot

A

At the top is the more powerful studies

Shows bias

28
Q

Odds ratio

A

Odds of experiment/ odds of control

29
Q

Power

A

1- T2 error

30
Q

P value

A

probability of getting a result by chance in the null hypothesis is true

31
Q

Anova test

A

statistically significant difference between the means of several groups
normal distribution
compares variance of 2 means
similar to t test

32
Q

Odds ratio

A

Odds of signicant event in variable/ odds of signicant event in control

33
Q

Cohort study

A

Measures relative risk normally
Observational and prospective
2+ selected due to exposure to a particular agent
And followed up to see disease outcome

34
Q

Case control study

A

Observational and retrospective
Patients with a condition are identified and
matched to controls
Data is collected on past exposure to find cause
Outcome measured in odds ratio

Cheap
Prone to confounding

35
Q

Standard error of the meann

A

standard deviation/ square root of number of patients

ie increases if smaller populations

36
Q

confidence interval

A

95% chance mean is in this

37
Q

Lower limit of the mean

A

1.96 x SEM

38
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Preselected criteria

Relevant to research questions

39
Q

Quota sampling

A

type of purposive sampling

Decide while designing study the number and characteristics

40
Q

Snowball

A

Chain referral - patients tell other patients

Reach hidden populations

41
Q

Convenience sampling (opportunistic)

A

Open period of recruitment - first come first served, up until a set number

42
Q

Hawthorne bias

A

People change behaviour as they known theyre being studied

Nephrology (26 decks)

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