Practice Management

Question 1

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

Answer 1

Compares a number of interventions by relating costs to a single clinical measure of effectiveness

Question 2

cost-effectiveness ratio

Answer 2

= total cost / units of effectiveness

Question 3

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

Answer 3

All the costs and benefits of an intervention are measured in terms of money
Establishes which of the alternatives has the greatestnet benefit.

Question 4

Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

Answer 4

Special form of CEA
Health benefits / outcomes are measured in broader, more generic ways enabling comparisons between treatments for different diseases and conditions.

Eg QALY.

Findings of CUA are often reported as an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR).

ICUR intervention A versus intervention B = (costs A - costs B) / (QALYs gained by A - QALYs gained by B)

Question 5

QALY

Answer 5

One QALY is equal to 1 year of life in perfect health.

Calculated by estimating the years of life remaining for a patient following a particular treatment or intervention and weighting each year with a quality-of-life score (on a 0 to 1 scale).
It can be negative in situations where the outcome is considered to be worse than death (death = 0 on the scale).

Question 6

Benefits of CUA

Answer 6

Compare across treatments for different conditions.

In principle, it is possible to compare treatments for, say, cancer with, say, schizophrenia to determine which is the most efficient at producing health gain in the form of QALYs.

Question 7

Cost-minimisation analysis (CMA)

Answer 7

Comparing two inputs with the same outcome, finding the cheapest one.

Question 8

Direct Cost

Answer 8

Cost of healthcare service

Question 9

Indirect Cost

Answer 9

Man power working/ carer working

Question 10

Intangible Cost

Answer 10

QOL, difficult to measure, pain, suffering

Question 11

Statutory Sick Pay

Answer 11

4 days - 28 weeks

Question 12

Personal Independence Payment (PIP)

Answer 12

Tax-free benefit for adults 16-64 years who need help with personal care or have walking difficulties because they are physically or mentally disabled.
There is still the ‘DLA for children’

Question 13

Incapacity Benefit & Employment and Support Allowance

Answer 13

Claimable by those not entitled to Statutory Sick Pay (SSP), for example self-employed, or when SSP has ended

Question 14

Retirement pension

Answer 14

60 years - women* 6 April 2010, the State Pension age for women started to increase gradually from 60 to 65, to match men’s
65 years - men. State pensions are taxable and paid even if the claimant is still working

Question 15

Bereavement Support Payment

Answer 15

Lump sum followed by 18 monthly payments
Spouse must be under state pension age when their partner died
Depends on NI contributions
Must claim within 3 months of your partner’s death to get the full amount.
You can claim up to 21 months after their death but you’ll get fewer monthly payments.

Question 16

Personal Independence Payment

Answer 16

long-term health condition or disability
have difficulties with ADLs or mobility > 3 months, expect them to >9 months.

Tax-free, not means tested and divided into two components:
Daily living component
Mobility component

Question 17

Attendance Allowance

Answer 17

tax-free 
>65
need help with their personal care
normally needed help with care for 6 months
not means tested.

Question 18

Terminally ill patients

Answer 18

DS1500

Fast track for claiming benefits