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Nephrology > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons for Dialysis

A 
A - acidosis
E - electrolyte imbalance
I - intoxication
O - overload
U - uraemia
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2
Q

Top causes of CKD

A

Diabetes, unknown, glomerulonephritis, HTn, pyelonephritis

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3
Q

Causes of glomerulonephritis

A

IgA, HSP, SLE, anti GBM, Post strep, rapidly progressive GN,

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4
Q

Trio glomerulonephritis

A

HTN, haematuria, low eGFR

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5
Q

Causes Pre renal AKI

A

Hypoperfusion, RAS

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6
Q

Causes Renal AKI

A

Tubular - ATN, drugs, contrast, myoglobinuria
Glomerular - autoimmunie (SLE),HSP, drugs, infections
Interstitial - drugs, infiltration (myeloma)
Vascular - vasculitis, malignant BP, thrombus

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7
Q

IgA nephropathy

A 
Nephritic - micro/ macro haematuria
Most common
young man, episodic
Increased IgA > complexes > deposit mesangial cells
renal biopsy as above
Control BP, immunosuppression
20% ESRF 20yrs
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8
Q

HSP

A 
small vessel vasculitis
purpura extensor surfaces
flitting polyarthritis, abdo pain
clinical diagnosis normally
or as iga biopsy showed, tx as iga 
if nephritis + nephrotic syndrome 50% > ESRF
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9
Q

Anti GBM

A

autoantibodies type 4 collagen
lung > haemorrhage
nephritic syndrome
plasma exchange, steroids +- cytotoxics

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10
Q

Post strep

A

nephritic syndrome
antigens deposit in glomerulus > host reaction > immune complexes
serology high ASOT
most recover

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11
Q

rapidly progressive GN

A

ESRF days
biopsy - crescents glomeruli- immune complexes
aggressive immunosuppression

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12
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Proteinuria >3.5, oedema, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolaemia.
Minimal change, membranous nephropathy
Secondary - hep, SLE
children - MCGN - steroids
adults - biopsy
Tx - furosemide, ace I - reduce proteinuria, anticoagulate, statin, vaccines,

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13
Q

Minimal change

A

Most common kids

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14
Q

Membranous nephropathy

A

Most adults

diffuse thickening gbm

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15
Q

Causes gout

A

Primary, relatives, thiazide, small dose aspirin, renal failure, myeloproliferative disorders, psorasis

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16
Q

A blockers

A

Urinary retention
Doxa
Smooth muscle relaxation urethra
Hypotension

17
Q

Anti androgen

A

5 a reductase inhibitors

Finasteride

18
Q

Antimuscurinic

A

Oxybutynin
Detrusor muscle
Incontinence

19
Q

ED

A

Phosphodiesterase I type 5 > increase cGMP > relax smooth penile muscles
Sildenafil

20
Q

CKD classes

A 
1 - >90
2 - 60-90
3a 45-60
3b 30-45
4 - 15-30
5 <15
21
Q

CKD - when to refer to nephrology

A

ACR >70

ACR > 30 + haematuria (or lower if other factors)

22
Q

ACR cateogories

A

A1 - <3
A2 - 3-30
A3 - >30

23
Q

UTI < 3 months

A

Refer paeds urgent

24
Q

UTI in children investigations

A

< 6 months - US

> 6 months - recurrent or atypical

25
Q

Haematuria 2WW

A

> 45 visible

>60 non visiblie + raised WCC/ dysuria

26
Q

Abx for UTI in pregnancy

A

Tx any bacturia for 7/7
Nitro (not close to end)
Amox
Not trimeth

27
Q

LUTs in men - voiding issues

A

IPSS moderate - a blocker
BPH - finasteride
Mixed storage/ voiding - persist after a blocker - try antimuscurinic

28
Q

OAB treatment

A 
Urine containment products
Supervised bladder training
Antimuscurinic
Oxybutynin (IR) - not if frail
Tolterodine (IR)
Darifenacin (OD)
Mirabegron
29
Q

Nocturnal Polyuria

A

Lifestyle
Furosemide 40mg afternoon
Urology

30
Q

Tumour markers in testicular cancer

A

LDH, AFP, sometimes HCG

31
Q

Epidydimal cyst

A

Separate from testicle, posterior
Common
US if unsure

32
Q

Hydrocoele

A 
accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis
anterior below 
attached to testes
Infantile - repair if > 1year
Adult - US exclude tumour
33
Q

Epididymo orchitis

A

Norm STIs,
> 35 coliforms
Painful - r/o torsion
Cef + doxy

34
Q

Varicocele

A 
Bag of worms
Infertility
Dull ache
USS doppler
Think RCC
35
Q

Oxalate stones

A

cholestyramine and pyridoxine reduce urinary oxalate secretion

36
Q

Uric acid stones

A

Allopurinol/ bicarb

37
Q

Medical indications for circumcision

A

phimosis
recurrent balanitis
balanitis xerotica obliterans
paraphimosis

Nephrology (26 decks)

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