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chem S.Horvath > states of matter > Flashcards

states of matter Flashcards

1
Q

what holds molecules rigidly in place in solids

A

intermolecular forces

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2
Q

liquids volume and shape

A

definite volume, no definite shape

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3
Q

molecules in liquids

A

very close together, but can flow past each other

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4
Q

intermolecular forces on liquids

A

strong enough to hold molecules in a condensed phase. not strong enough to prevent molecules from sliding past each other

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5
Q

gases shape/volume

A

no definite shape/volume

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6
Q

intermolecular forces in gases

A

essentially zero between gases and molecules

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7
Q

ionic bonds

A

results from coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

ionic compounds are almost always

A

solids

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9
Q

covalent bonds result from

A

sharing one or more pairs of electrons

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10
Q

octet rule

A

states that atoms want to be a noble gas. or at least have a noble gas configuration - species with the same electron configuration are termed isoelectric - this is achieved by giving each atom access to 8 electrons

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11
Q

species with the same electron configurations are termed

A

isoelectric

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12
Q

??octet rule is achieved by giving each atom access to

A

8 electrons

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13
Q

kinetic molecular theory of matter

A

attempts to describe all the states of matter and the conversion between them

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14
Q

valence bond theory

A

a covalent bond results from the overlap of two electron clouds. this allows the electron on 1 atom to spend time around atom 2’s nucleus and vice versa

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15
Q

VSEPR theory

A

valence shell electron pair theory. atoms are bound into molecules by electrons. electrons repel each other. therefore the groups bonded to a central atom try to get as far apart from each other as possible. the goal is to minimize electron pair repulsion around a given central atom

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16
Q

electronegativity

A

the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.

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17
Q

what is most electronegative element

A

fluorine - the closer an atom is to fluorine, the more electronegative it is

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18
Q

intermolecular forces

A

attractive forces between molecules or atoms or ions

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19
Q

London forces are created by

A

instantaneous dipoles

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20
Q

london forces get stronger with

A

larger atoms/ molecules

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21
Q

london forces are much weaker than

A

dipole-dipole or H-bonding

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22
Q

hydrogen bonding strength

A

generally stronger than dipolar attractins

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23
Q

hydrogen bonding is

A

the attraction between a hydrogen bonded directly to an O, N, or F and another electronegative atom

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24
Q

ion dipole attraction

A

the attraction between an ionic charge and a polar molecule

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25
ion dipole attraction allows
ionic solids to dissolve in water
26
hydrogen bodies in a negative way cause
atelectasis
27
like desolves
like
28
more intermolecular forces does what to boiling and melting points
higher
29
substances with greater intermolecular attraction have greater
surface tensions
30
a molecule near the surface of a droplet will experience
net inward force
31
surface tension will allow an object having a greater density than a liquid to
float in the liquid
32
LaPlace's law
when the liquid is in contact with another surface, this curling creates a pressure difference which is described by La Place's law.
33
LaPlace's law can be used to explain
why the surface tension on a blood vessel wall will depend on the radius of the vessel.
34
the tension on the surface of the blood vessel is ____ proportional to the radius of the vessel
directly
35
wall tension is proportionate to
radius (laPlace's law)
36
as the radius increases, wall tension
increases
37
soap makeup
polar (hydrophilic) head and non-polar (hydrophobic, greasy) tail
38
monolayers
the greasy tails stick out of the surface of water, which breaks down the surface tension of water
39
micelles
tails can dissolve in each other forming a sphere. this creates a non-polar microenvironment in the water
40
vapor pressures
the most energetic molecules in a liquid have sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the surface of a liquid into the gas phase, and once the molecules are free as gases, they exert a pressure.
41
as temp increases, vapor pressures
increase. calusius-clapeyron equation
42
the process of evaportion in a closed container will proceed until
there are as many molecules returning to the liquid as there are escaping. (saturated vapor pressure)
43
the temp at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure is
boiling point
44
dynamic equilibrium
when there is a balance between vaporization and condensation
45
aneurysm application to laplace?
they are approximately spherical, so the tension on the wall of the aneurysm rises as the radius is divided by two. so, while not a good diagnosis, they represent a physical means for lowering the tension on a blood vessel
46
capillary being smaller will withstand pressure better than
larger artery or vein
47
volatility
the tendency of liquid to evaporate
48
volatility
the tendency of liquid to evaporate
49
solid to liquid
melting
50
liquid to solid
freezing
51
liquid to gas
vaporization
52
gas to liquid
condensation
53
solid to gas
sublimation
54
gas to solid
deposition
55
what does temp do to vapor pressure
increases
56
vaporization is an _____ process
endothermic
57
the unit of energy for vaporization (Hvap) represents
the energy needed to break intermolecular forces and allow molecules to escape into the gas phase
58
fusion
endothermic - solid to liquid
59
760
atmospheric pressure
60
phase diagrams show
combined effects of temp and pressure on the state of matter
61
which gas has the highest vapor pressure
desflurane 669
62
vapor pressure of isoflurane
239
63
vapor pressure of sevoflurane
157
64
triple point of phase diagram of water
the single temp and pressure combination where all three phases an exist in equilibrium with each other
65
critical point
when temp and pressure exceed critical point, system becomes a supercritical fluid... have the flow properties of gases but densities similar to liquids and no surface tension
66
as diameter of a tube decreases, speed
increases
67
if an object sinks, boyount force is
smaller
68
if an object floats, boyount force is
larger
69
as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid
decreases (bernoulli effect)
70
bernoulli effect
as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
71
venturi flowmeter is explained by
bernoulli effect

chem S.Horvath (11 decks)

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