States of matter ✓ Flashcards
What is the arrangement of of a solid
Tightly packed, in rows and columns all touching
What is the arrangement of of a liquid
Randomly arranged, touching
What is the arrangement of of a gas
Spread out randomly
What is the movement of a solid
Vibrate around a fixed point
What is the movement of a liquid
Able to move and flow over each other
What is the movement of a gas
Moving quickly and randomly
What is the state-change/interconversion from solid to liquid
Melting
What is the state-change/interconversion from liquid to gas
Boiling/evaporation
What is the state-change/interconversion from gas to solid
sublimation
What is the state-change/interconversion from liquid to solid
freezing
What is the state-change/interconversion from solid to gas
sublimation
What is the state-change/interconversion from gas to liquid
condensation
what are solids held together by
Strong chemical bonds
What are liquids held together by
Attractive force
Are gases held together by something
There is no or very little force in between the particles
To be able to melt a solid what do we need to overcome
The strong chemical bond
To be able to boil a liquid what do we need to overcome
The attractive force
If you melt something what is the energy used for between particles
Break the bonds
If you boil something what is the energy used for between particles
Overcome the attractive force
Determine the word solute ?
The substance you are trying to dissolve
Determine the word solvent ?
The liquid in which the solute is being dissolved in
Determine the word solution ?
When the solute has dissolved into the solvent
Determine the word soluble ?
The solute can be dissolved
Determine the word insoluble ?
The solute can’t be dissolved
Determine the word saturated ?
The solvent can’t hold anymore solute
describe an experiment to show diffusion
- put ammonium chloride into a cotton wool and hydrochloric acid into another cotton wool
- put a bung on each end of the tube
- the ammonium chloride precipitate if formed neared the hydrochloric acid side of the tube because ammonium chloride is less dense and lighter than the hydrochloric acid so it moves further faster
what substance is an element ?
a substance made up of only one type of atom
what substance is a compound ?
2 or more elements chemically bonded together
what substance is a mixture ?
2 or more substances which are to chemically bonded
what does a pure substance have have to do with their melting and boiling points ?
- a fixed melting and boiling point
what happens to a mixture with their melting and boiling points ?
- a mixture may melt or boil over a range of temperatures
how does the separation technique distillation work ?
- a mixture is heated in a flask
- the liquid with the lower boiling point than the other will evaporate first
- it will cool and condense inside the condenser to become a pure liquid
- the thermometer will show the temperature of the pure liquid
- when all of the liquid with the lower boiling point the temperature will rise and the water will evaporate
how does the separation technique filtration work ?
- world if you have an insoluble substance
- when you pour the water and the insoluble substance into the filter paper the water will pass through the filter paper whereas the insoluble substance will stay behind and become a residue
how does the separation technique crystallisation work ?
- get a hot concentrated solution of a substance
- and cool the substance down to get the crystals
how does the separation technique pure chromatography work ?
- is done on paper
- spot of mixture is put neat the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper
- then the paper is placed upright in a type of solvent like water
- as the solvent socks up paper
- it takes the mixtures with it
- different parts of the mixture will move at different rates
- which separates the mixture
what does a chromatogram provide ?
information about the components of a mixture
what is the equation to find out Rf values ?
Rf = distance travelled by solute ÷ distance travelled by solvent
how does finding the Rf values show what a substance is made up of ?
substance you are testing will move to the same height as the suspected substance in it
what is an experiment to investigate paper chromatography using inks/food colourings ?
- draw line near bottom of paper
- put dots of different colour inks/food colouring on the line on the bottom
- put the paper in water going up to line
- see what the inks/food colourings are made up of
what is an atom ?
the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist it is made up of the three subatomic particles
what is a molecule ?
a group of atoms bonded together
What is the mass of an neutron ?
1
What is the charge of an electron ?
negative
What is the charge of an proton ?
positive
What is the charge of an neutron ?
neutral
where are protons found ?
in the nucleus
where are neutrons found ?
in the nucleus
where are electrons found ?
on the shells of an atom
what does atomic number mean ?
tells you how many protons there are
what does mass number mean ?
tells you how many protons and neutrons there are
what is an isotope ?
atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
what is the relative atomic mass number ?
number of protons and neutrons
how does you calculate the relative atomic mass number ?
the bigger number on top of the element
