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Chemistry > organic chemistry ✓ > Flashcards

organic chemistry ✓ Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon ?

A

a compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

what does homologous series mean ?

A

is a group of compounds thatch all be represented by the same general formula

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3
Q

what does functional group mean ?

A

is a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

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4
Q

what does isomer mean ?

A

two molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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5
Q

what are the starting sounds of the first 6 compounds with up to 6 carbons ?

A 
1 - meth 
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
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6
Q

what is an acronym to learn the the starting sounds of compounds with up to 6 carbons ?

A 
my 
evil 
professor 
broke 
pollys 
heart
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7
Q

what does the general formula show you ?

A

an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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8
Q

what does the empirical formula show you ?

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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9
Q

what does the structural formula show you ?

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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10
Q

what does the molecular formula show you ?

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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11
Q

what does the displayed formula show you ?

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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12
Q

what is a substitution reaction ?

A

one atom is swapped with another atom they allow chemists to change one compound into something more useful

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13
Q

what is an addition reaction ?

A

a reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products

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14
Q

what is a combustion reaction ?

A

happens when a substance reacts with oxygen when its burned in air

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15
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes ?

A

CnH2n+2

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16
Q

why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons ?

A

because there are only single bonds between the carbon atoms

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17
Q

what happens in the reaction where alkanes react with halogens in UV light ?

A
  • the halogens chlorine and bromine react with alkanes in the presence of UV light
  • a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted with chlorine or bromine so is a substitution reaction
  • they form a haloalkane
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18
Q

what is the haloalkane called made from bromine and methane ?

A

bromomethane

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19
Q

what is the haloalkane called made from chlorine and methane ?

A

chloromethane

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20
Q

what is crude oil made up of ?

A

it is a mixture of hydrocarbons

21
Q

how does fractional distillation separate crude oil into fractions ?

A
  • oil is heated until most has turned into gas
  • gases enter a fractionating column
  • in column there’s a temperature gradient very hot at bottom and cool at top
  • longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points they condense and drain out of the column early on when there’re near the bottom
  • shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points they turn to liquid and drain out much later on near the top of column
22
Q

what are the names of the main fractions (shortest chain to longest/ top of column to bottom)

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
23
Q

what is the use of the refinery gases ?

A

domestic heating and cooking

24
Q

what is the use of gasoline ?

A

fuel cars

25
Q

what is the use of kerosene ?

A

fuel in an aircraft

26
Q

what is the use of diesel ?

A

fuel in some cars and larger vehicles

27
Q

what is the use of fuel oil ?

A

fuel for large ships and some power stations

28
Q

what is the use of bitumen ?

A

surface roads and roofs

29
Q

what is the trend in colour in the fractions ?

A

gets darker and you go down

30
Q

what is the trend in boiling point in the fractions ?

A

boiling point gets higher as you go down

31
Q

what is the trend in viscosity in the fractions ?

A

get more viscous as you go down

32
Q

what happens to fuel when it burns ?

A

releases heat energy

33
Q

what are the products of complete combustion ?

A
  • carbon dioxide

- water

34
Q

what are the possible products of incomplete combustion ?

A
  • always water
  • either :
    - Carbon monoxide
    - Carbon dioxide
35
Q

why is carbon monoxide poisonous ?

A

displaces the oxygen in your blood and sticks to the red blood cells meaning that there is no oxygen for the vital organs in you body to use

36
Q

how are nitrogen oxides produced ?

A

temperature os high enough for the nitrogen and oxygen in air to react

37
Q

how is sulphur dioxide produced ?

A

comes from sulphur impurities in the hydrocarbon fuels

38
Q

how does nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide make acid rain ?

A

when they mix with water vapour in clouds they for dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid the rain that falls from these clouds is then acid rain

39
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes ?

A

CnH2n

40
Q

why are alkenes called unsaturated ?

A

they contain double bonds

41
Q

what are the first 6 alkenes called ?

A
  • methene
  • ethene
  • propene
  • butene
  • pentene
  • hexene
42
Q

what are the first 6 alkanes called ?

A
  • methane
  • ethane
  • propane
  • butane
  • pentane
  • hexane
43
Q

what happens in the reaction of alkenes with bromine ?

A
  • used for a test for carbon-carbon double bonds
  • shake alkene with orange bromine water solution will go colourless
  • go colourless because bromine molecules which are orange react with alkene to make a dibromoalkane which is colourless
44
Q

what is the use of bromine water ?

A

distinguish between alkane and alkene

  • alkane stays orange
  • alkene goes colourless
45
Q

what is cracking ?

A
  • demand for short-chain hydrocarbons is much higher than demand for long-chain hydrocarbons
  • to meet demand long chain hydrocarbons are split into more useful short-chain molecules
  • cracking is a form of thermal decomposition
46
Q

what are the conditions for cracking ?

A
  • very high temperature at about 600°C - 700°C

- a catalyst which is either silica or alumina

47
Q

what is a catalyst ?

A

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any chemical change to itself

48
Q

what is addition polymerisation ?

A
  • polymers are substances of high average relative molecular mass
  • they are made by joining up lots of small representing units called monomers
  • monomers that make addition polymers have double bonds
  • lots of unsaturated monomer molecules can open up their carbon-carbon double bonds and join to make polymer chains
49
Q

what are the problems with the disposal of addition polymers ?

A
  • don’t react easily because polymer chains are very strong
  • takes a long time for them to biodegrade
  • burning plastics can release toxic gases
  • best thing is reuse them

Chemistry (10 decks)

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