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Chemistry > organic chemistry ✓ > Flashcards

organic chemistry ✓ Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon ?

A

a compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

what does homologous series mean ?

A

is a group of compounds thatch all be represented by the same general formula

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3
Q

what does functional group mean ?

A

is a group of atoms that determine how a compound typically reacts

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4
Q

what does isomer mean ?

A

two molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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5
Q

what are the starting sounds of the first 6 compounds with up to 6 carbons ?

A 
1 - meth 
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
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6
Q

what is an acronym to learn the the starting sounds of compounds with up to 6 carbons ?

A 
my 
evil 
professor 
broke 
pollys 
heart
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7
Q

what does the general formula show you ?

A

an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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8
Q

what does the empirical formula show you ?

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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9
Q

what does the structural formula show you ?

A

shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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10
Q

what does the molecular formula show you ?

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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11
Q

what does the displayed formula show you ?

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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12
Q

what is a substitution reaction ?

A

one atom is swapped with another atom they allow chemists to change one compound into something more useful

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13
Q

what is an addition reaction ?

A

a reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products

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14
Q

what is a combustion reaction ?

A

happens when a substance reacts with oxygen when its burned in air

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15
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes ?

A

CnH2n+2

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16
Q

why are alkanes called saturated hydrocarbons ?

A

because there are only single bonds between the carbon atoms

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17
Q

what happens in the reaction where alkanes react with halogens in UV light ?

A
  • the halogens chlorine and bromine react with alkanes in the presence of UV light
  • a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted with chlorine or bromine so is a substitution reaction
  • they form a haloalkane
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18
Q

what is the haloalkane called made from bromine and methane ?

A

bromomethane

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19
Q

what is the haloalkane called made from chlorine and methane ?

A

chloromethane

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20
Q

what is crude oil made up of ?

A

it is a mixture of hydrocarbons

21
Q

how does fractional distillation separate crude oil into fractions ?

A
  • oil is heated until most has turned into gas
  • gases enter a fractionating column
  • in column there’s a temperature gradient very hot at bottom and cool at top
  • longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points they condense and drain out of the column early on when there’re near the bottom
  • shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points they turn to liquid and drain out much later on near the top of column
22
Q

what are the names of the main fractions (shortest chain to longest/ top of column to bottom)

A
  • refinery gases
  • gasoline
  • kerosene
  • diesel
  • fuel oil
  • bitumen
23
Q

what is the use of the refinery gases ?

A

domestic heating and cooking

24
Q

what is the use of gasoline ?

25
what is the use of kerosene ?
fuel in an aircraft
26
what is the use of diesel ?
fuel in some cars and larger vehicles
27
what is the use of fuel oil ?
fuel for large ships and some power stations
28
what is the use of bitumen ?
surface roads and roofs
29
what is the trend in colour in the fractions ?
gets darker and you go down
30
what is the trend in boiling point in the fractions ?
boiling point gets higher as you go down
31
what is the trend in viscosity in the fractions ?
get more viscous as you go down
32
what happens to fuel when it burns ?
releases heat energy
33
what are the products of complete combustion ?
- carbon dioxide | - water
34
what are the possible products of incomplete combustion ?
- always water - either : - Carbon monoxide - Carbon dioxide
35
why is carbon monoxide poisonous ?
displaces the oxygen in your blood and sticks to the red blood cells meaning that there is no oxygen for the vital organs in you body to use
36
how are nitrogen oxides produced ?
temperature os high enough for the nitrogen and oxygen in air to react
37
how is sulphur dioxide produced ?
comes from sulphur impurities in the hydrocarbon fuels
38
how does nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide make acid rain ?
when they mix with water vapour in clouds they for dilute sulphuric acid and nitric acid the rain that falls from these clouds is then acid rain
39
what is the general formula for alkenes ?
CnH2n
40
why are alkenes called unsaturated ?
they contain double bonds
41
what are the first 6 alkenes called ?
- methene - ethene - propene - butene - pentene - hexene
42
what are the first 6 alkanes called ?
- methane - ethane - propane - butane - pentane - hexane
43
what happens in the reaction of alkenes with bromine ?
- used for a test for carbon-carbon double bonds - shake alkene with orange bromine water solution will go colourless - go colourless because bromine molecules which are orange react with alkene to make a dibromoalkane which is colourless
44
what is the use of bromine water ?
distinguish between alkane and alkene - alkane stays orange - alkene goes colourless
45
what is cracking ?
- demand for short-chain hydrocarbons is much higher than demand for long-chain hydrocarbons - to meet demand long chain hydrocarbons are split into more useful short-chain molecules - cracking is a form of thermal decomposition
46
what are the conditions for cracking ?
- very high temperature at about 600°C - 700°C | - a catalyst which is either silica or alumina
47
what is a catalyst ?
substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any chemical change to itself
48
what is addition polymerisation ?
- polymers are substances of high average relative molecular mass - they are made by joining up lots of small representing units called monomers - monomers that make addition polymers have double bonds - lots of unsaturated monomer molecules can open up their carbon-carbon double bonds and join to make polymer chains
49
what are the problems with the disposal of addition polymers ?
- don't react easily because polymer chains are very strong - takes a long time for them to biodegrade - burning plastics can release toxic gases - best thing is reuse them

Chemistry (10 decks)

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