States of Consciousness

Question 1

This describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli.

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

This is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is
distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Answer 2

Sleep

Question 3

This is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Answer 3

Wakefulness

Question 4

These are internal rhythms of biological activity

Answer 4

Biological Rhythms

Question 5

This is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours

Answer 5

Circadian Rhythm

Question 6

It is the tendency to
maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

Answer 6

Homeostasis

Question 7

This is a main center of homeostasis.

Answer 7

Hypothalamus

Question 8

The brain’s clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the

Answer 8

suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN).

Question 9

an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases
melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune
system during sleep

Answer 9

Pineal Gland

Question 10

One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles
is the hormone…

Answer 10

Melatonin

Question 11

refers to the brain’s control of switching between sleep
and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.

Answer 11

Sleep Regulation

Question 12

is a collection of symptoms that
results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.

Answer 12

Jet Lag

Question 13

refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly
basis.

Answer 13

Rotating shift work

Question 14

A person with a this does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis.

Answer 14

sleep debt

Question 15

a study that combines
the results of many related studies,

Answer 15

Meta-Analysis

Question 16

refers to the fact that a sleep deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep

Answer 16

Sleep Rebound

Question 17

Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine
glands including:

Answer 17

melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth
hormone

Question 18

secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes

Answer 18

Pituitary Gland

Question 19

is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological
rhythms and the immune system

Answer 19

Melatonin

Question 20

is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have
evolved over time as a result of natural selection

Answer 20

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 21

is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.

Answer 21

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

Question 22

is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns
of brain waves.

Answer 22

Non-REM (NREM) Sleep

Question 23

is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.

Answer 23

Stage 1 Sleep

Question 24

stage 1 sleep is associated with these 2 waves

Answer 24

Alpha and Theta Waves

Question 25

which are relatively low frequency (8–13Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized

Answer 25

Alpha Waves

Question 26

are even lower frequency (4–7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves.

Answer 26

Theta Waves

Question 27

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation.

Answer 27

Stage 2 Sleep

Question 28

is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

Answer 28

Sleep Spindle

Question 29

is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli.

Answer 29

K-Complex

Question 30

is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream.

Answer 30

Manifest Content

Question 31

is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitude delta waves

Answer 31

Stage 3

Question 32

on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream

Answer 32

Latent Content

Question 33

is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone.

Answer 33

Collective unconscious

Question 34

are dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state.

Answer 34

Lucid Dream

Question 35

a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorder

Answer 35

Insomnia

Question 36

is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

Answer 36

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy

Question 37

is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/ or experiences during sleep play a role

Answer 37

Parasomnia

Question 38

or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Most often occurs in slow wave sleep

Answer 38

Sleepwalking

Question 39

occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur.

Answer 39

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Question 40

an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD.

Answer 40

Clonazepam

Question 41

e has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.

Answer 41

Restless leg syndrome

Question 42

this results in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment. Seems to occur at NREM phase at sleep

Answer 42

Night terrors

Question 43

is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops.

Answer 43

Sleep Apnea

Question 44

Two types of sleep apnea

Answer 44

obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea

Question 45

occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs.

Answer 45

Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 46

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

Answer 46

central sleep apnea

Question 47

device includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open

Answer 47

Continuous positive airway pressure

Question 48

an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.

Answer 48

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 49

a person with this cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times

Answer 49

narcolepsy

Question 50

which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.

Answer 50

Cataplexy

Question 51

is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders

Answer 51

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

Question 52

has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress

Answer 52

Psychological dependence

Question 52

involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use.

Answer 52

Physical dependence

Question 52

is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.

Answer 52

Tolerance

Question 52

l includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug.

Answer 52

Drug withdrawal

Question 53

is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Answer 53

Depressant

Question 54

if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called

Answer 54

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or Fetal syndrome disorder (FSD)

Question 55

are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity

Answer 55

Stimulants

Question 56

often called “crystal meth” due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Is a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available

Answer 56

Methamphetamine

Question 56

feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking.

Answer 56

Euphoric high

Question 56

is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep

Answer 56

Adenosin

Question 57

is one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.

Answer 57

Opioid

Question 58

are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant.

Answer 58

Opiates

Question 59

is a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs.

Answer 59

Methadone

Question 60

s help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone

Answer 60

Methadone clinics

Question 60

is an opioid with relatively low potency

Answer 60

Codeine

Question 61

is one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences

Answer 61

Hallucinogen

Question 62

is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Answer 62

Hypnosis

Question 63

is the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment

Answer 63

Meditation