States of Consciousness Flashcards
This describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli.
Consciousness
This is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is
distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
Sleep
This is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
Wakefulness
These are internal rhythms of biological activity
Biological Rhythms
This is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours
Circadian Rhythm
It is the tendency to
maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
Homeostasis
This is a main center of homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
The brain’s clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the
suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN).
an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases
melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune
system during sleep
Pineal Gland
One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles
is the hormone…
Melatonin
refers to the brain’s control of switching between sleep
and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.
Sleep Regulation
is a collection of symptoms that
results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.
Jet Lag
refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly
basis.
Rotating shift work
A person with a this does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis.
sleep debt
a study that combines
the results of many related studies,
Meta-Analysis
refers to the fact that a sleep deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Sleep Rebound
Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine
glands including:
melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth
hormone
secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes
Pituitary Gland
is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological
rhythms and the immune system
Melatonin
is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have
evolved over time as a result of natural selection
Evolutionary Psychology
is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns
of brain waves.
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.
Stage 1 Sleep
stage 1 sleep is associated with these 2 waves
Alpha and Theta Waves
which are relatively low frequency (8–13Hz), high
amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized
Alpha Waves
are even lower frequency
(4–7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves.
Theta Waves
the body goes into a state of deep relaxation.
Stage 2 Sleep
is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for
learning and memory
Sleep Spindle
is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli.
K-Complex
is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream.
Manifest Content
is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low
frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitude delta waves
Stage 3
on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream
Latent Content
is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone.
Collective unconscious
are dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state.
Lucid Dream
a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorder
Insomnia
is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem
behaviors
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/
or experiences during sleep play a role
Parasomnia
or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from
wandering about to driving an automobile. Most often occurs in slow wave sleep
Sleepwalking
occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep
phase does not occur.
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD.
Clonazepam
e has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.
Restless leg syndrome
this results in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment. Seems to occur at NREM phase at sleep
Night terrors
is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops.
Sleep Apnea
Two types of sleep apnea
obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea
occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from
entering the lungs.
Obstructive sleep apnea
disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing
central sleep apnea
device includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose
and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open
Continuous positive airway pressure
an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
a person with this cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times
narcolepsy
which is a lack of
muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.
Cataplexy
is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress
Psychological dependence
involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal
from the drug upon cessation of use.
Physical dependence
is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.
Tolerance
l includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.
These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug.
Drug withdrawal
is a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Depressant
if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a
cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or Fetal syndrome disorder (FSD)
are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity
Stimulants
often called “crystal meth” due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Is a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available
Methamphetamine
feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking.
Euphoric high
is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep
Adenosin
is one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
Opioid
are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant.
Opiates
is a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and
similar drugs.
Methadone
s help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone
Methadone clinics
is an opioid with relatively low potency
Codeine
is one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual
experiences
Hallucinogen
is a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external
stimuli
Hypnosis
is the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase
awareness of the moment
Meditation
