Learning Flashcards
What is a period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to
connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit
the conditioned response?
Acquisition
What form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur
together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)?
Associative learning
What learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then
gets paired or associated with the behavior?
Classical conditioning
mental picture of the layout of the environment
Cognitive map
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned
stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired
with the conditioned stimulus
Extinction
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
Fixed ration reinforcement schedule
also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a
neutral stimulus
Higher order conditioning
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more
prevalent in lower animals than in humans
Instinct
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
Latent learning
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and
behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
Law of effect
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
Learning
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
Model
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
Negative punishment
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Negative punshment
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
Neutral stimulus
type of learning that occurs by watching others
Observational learning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is
demonstrated
Operant conditioning
rewarding behavior only some of the time
Partial reinforcement
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
Positive punishment
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Positive reinforcement
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
Primary reinforcer
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
Implementation
staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even
complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome
associations
Radical behaviorism
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
Reflex
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
Reinforcement
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked
with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
Secondary reinforcer
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
Shaping
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
Stimulus discrimination
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the
conditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
Unconditioned stimulus
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
Unconditioned response
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time
have passed
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less
likely to imitate the model’s behavior
Vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer
more likely to imitate the model’s behavior
Vicarious reinforcement
