Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is a period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to
connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit
the conditioned response?

A

Acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur
together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)?

A

Associative learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then
gets paired or associated with the behavior?

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mental picture of the layout of the environment

A

Cognitive map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned
stimulus

A

Conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

A

Continuous reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired
with the conditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

A

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

A

Fixed ration reinforcement schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a
neutral stimulus

A

Higher order conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more
prevalent in lower animals than in humans

A

Instinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

A

Latent learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and
behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

A

Law of effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

A

Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

A

Negative punishment

15
Q

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A

Negative punshment

16
Q

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

A

Neutral stimulus

17
Q

type of learning that occurs by watching others

A

Observational learning

18
Q

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is
demonstrated

A

Operant conditioning

19
Q

rewarding behavior only some of the time

A

Partial reinforcement

20
Q

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

A

Positive punishment

21
Q

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

A

Positive reinforcement

22
Q

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

A

Primary reinforcer

23
Q

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

A

Implementation

24
Q

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even
complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome
associations

A

Radical behaviorism

25
Q

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

A

Reflex

26
Q

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

A

Reinforcement

27
Q

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked
with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

A

Secondary reinforcer

28
Q

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

A

Shaping

29
Q

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

30
Q

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

A

Stimulus discrimination

30
Q

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the
conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus generalization

30
Q

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

A

Unconditioned stimulus

31
Q

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

32
Q

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time
have passed

A

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

33
Q

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

A

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

34
Q

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less
likely to imitate the model’s behavior

A

Vicarious punishment

35
Q

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer
more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

A

Vicarious reinforcement