Learning

Question 1

What is a period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to
connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit
the conditioned response?

Answer 1

Acquisition

Question 2

What form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur
together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)?

Answer 2

Associative learning

Question 2

What learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then
gets paired or associated with the behavior?

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 2

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Answer 2

Cognitive map

Question 3

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

Conditioned response

Question 4

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned
stimulus

Answer 4

Conditioned stimulus

Question 5

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Answer 5

Continuous reinforcement

Question 6

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired
with the conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Extinction

Question 7

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Answer 7

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 8

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 8

Fixed ration reinforcement schedule

Question 9

also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a
neutral stimulus

Answer 9

Higher order conditioning

Question 10

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; are thought to be more
prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Answer 10

Instinct

Question 11

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Answer 11

Latent learning

Question 11

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and
behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Answer 11

Law of effect

Question 12

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Answer 12

Learning

Question 13

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

Answer 13

Model

Question 14

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Answer 14

Negative punishment

Question 15

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Answer 15

Negative punshment

Question 16

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Answer 16

Neutral stimulus

Question 17

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Answer 17

Observational learning

Question 18

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is
demonstrated

Answer 18

Operant conditioning

Question 19

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Answer 19

Partial reinforcement

Question 20

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Answer 20

Positive punishment

Question 21

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Answer 21

Positive reinforcement

Question 22

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Answer 22

Primary reinforcer

Question 23

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Answer 23

Implementation

Question 24

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

Answer 24

Radical behaviorism

Question 25

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Answer 25

Reflex

Question 26

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Answer 26

Reinforcement

Question 27

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Answer 27

Secondary reinforcer

Question 28

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Answer 28

Shaping

Question 29

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Answer 29

Spontaneous recovery

Question 30

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Answer 30

Stimulus discrimination

Question 30

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 30

Stimulus generalization

Question 30

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Answer 30

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 31

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Answer 31

Unconditioned response

Question 32

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Answer 32

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

Question 33

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 33

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 34

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Answer 34

Vicarious punishment

Question 35

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Answer 35

Vicarious reinforcement