state of consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

Sigmund Freud’s personality theories

Answer 2

differentiated between the unconscious and the conscious aspects of behavior,

Question 3

French philosopher René Descartes

Answer 3

believed in dualism, which says that the mind and body is two different entities

Question 4

dualism

Answer 4

the idea that the mind, a nonmaterial entity, is separate from (although connected to) the physical body.

Question 5

morality

Answer 5

noun

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

Question 6

biological rhythms.

Answer 6

regularly occurring cycles of behaviors

Question 7

circadian rhythm

Answer 7

the cycle that guides the daily waking and sleeping cycle in many animals.

Question 8

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 8

depression due to the dark winter months than during the lighter summer months

Question 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus,

Answer 9

the body’s primary circadian “ pacemaker.‖

Question 10

melatonin,

Answer 10

a powerful hormone that facilitates the onset of sleep.. IT is secreted by the pineal gland.

Question 11

electroencephalogram, or EEG(

Answer 11

monitor that records brain waves to tell if you’re asleep of awake

Question 12

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 12

a sleep stage characterized by the presence of quick fast eye movements and dreaming. Our muscles are shut down in this stage as well. REM sleep is accompanied by an increase in heart rate, facial twitches, and the repeated rapid eye movements that give this stage its name. People who are awakened during REM sleep almost always report that they were dreaming, while those awakened in other stages of sleep report dreams much less often

Question 13

non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep is a deep sleep,

Answer 13

a deep sleep, characterized by very slow brain waves, that is further subdivided into three stages: N1, N2, and N3

Question 14

beta waves

Answer 14

the brain wave that is present on the EEG when we are awake. the waves have short amplitudes

Question 15

alpha waves

Answer 15

the brain waves that describe when we first fall asleep. They are a bit longer than the beta waves

Question 16

theta waves

Answer 16

brain waves at stage N1 of sleep, when we get drowsy, the waves are even slower here and thus is longer than alpha waves.
During stage N1 sleep, some muscle tone is lost, as well as most awareness of the environment. Some people may experience sudden jerks or twitches and even vivid hallucinations during this initial stage of sleep

Question 17

waves from being awake, drowsy, stage N1 sleep, Stage N2, Stage N3, REM Sleep

Answer 17

beta, alpha, theta, sleep spindles, delta waves, and then fast and random for REM sleep

Question 18

Stage N2

Answer 18

muscular activity is further decreased and conscious awareness of the environment is lost. characterized by theta waves interspersed with bursts of rapid brain activity known as sleep spindles.

Question 19

Stage N3,

Answer 19

also known as slow wave sleep, is the deepest level of sleep, characterized by an increased proportion of very slow delta waves. This is the stage in which most sleep abnormalities, such as sleepwalking, sleeptalking, nightmares, and bed-wetting occur. Some skeletal muscle tone remains, making it possible for affected individuals to rise from their beds and engage in sometimes very complex behaviors, but consciousness is distant

Question 20

insomnia

Answer 20

persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

Question 21

sleep apnea

Answer 21

a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep Most sleep apnea is caused by an obstruction of the walls of the throat that occurs when we fall asleep.

Question 22

Narcolepsy

Answer 22

a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of “nodding off.‖Narcolepsy is in part the result of genetics—people who suffer from the disease lack neurotransmitters that are important in keeping us alert. While most people descend through the sequence of sleep stages, then move back up to REM sleep soon after falling asleep, narcolepsy sufferers move directly into REM and undergo numerous awakenings during the night, often preventing them from getting good sleep.

Question 23

cataplexy

Answer 23

individual loses muscle tone, resulting in a partial or complete collapse

Question 24

somnamulism(sleepwalking),

Answer 24

the person leaves the bed and moves around while still asleep. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood, with the most frequent occurrences around the age of 12 years.

Question 25

Sleep terrors

Answer 25

a disruptive sleep disorder, most frequently experienced in childhood, that may involve loud screams and intense panic. The sufferer cannot wake from sleep even though he or she is trying to. typically occur in sleep stage N3

Question 26

bruxism

Answer 26

the sufferer grinds his teeth during sleep

Question 27

restless legs syndrome

Answer 27

the sufferer reports an itching, burning, or otherwise uncomfortable feeling in his legs, usually exacerbated when resting or asleep

Question 28

periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 28

involves sudden involuntary movement of limbs

Question 29

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 29

is a condition in which people (usually middle-aged or older men) engage in vigorous and bizarre physical activities during REM sleep in response to intense, violent dreams. normally treated with hypnosis and medicati

Question 30

Dreams

Answer 30

the succession of images, thoughts, sounds, and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping.

Question 31

wish fulfillment

Answer 31

Freud believed that the primary function of dreams was wish fulfillment, or the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day.

Question 32

Sigmund Freud

Answer 32

believed in wish fulfillment, and differentiate between manifest conten and latent content. Freud believed that the real meaning of dreams is often suppressed by the unconscious mind in order to protect the individual from thoughts and feelings that are hard to cope with.

Question 33

manifest content

Answer 33

its literal actions

Question 34

latent content

Answer 34

the hidden psychological meaning of the dream

Question 35

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 35

that dreams are our brain’s interpretation of the random firing of neurons in the brain stem.

Question 36

psychoactive drug

Answer 36

a chemical that changes our states of consciousness, and particularly our perceptions and moods.

Question 37

Stimulants

Answer 37

a psychoactive drug that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. enhanced and increased energy . Nicotine, cocaine, amphetaminesand caffeine are all examples

Question 38

Depressants

Answer 38

change consciousness by increasing the production of the neurotransmitter GABA and decreasing the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, usually at the level of the thalamus and reticular formation. It has a calming effects, sleep, pain relief, slowed heart rate and respiration. Alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiaspeines, toxic inhalants.

Question 39

Opioids

Answer 39

The chemical makeup of opioids is similar to the endorphins, the neurotransmitters that serve as the body‘s “ natural pain reducers.‖
Slowing of many body functions, constipation, respiratory and cardiac depression, and the rapid development of tolerance. opium, morphine, heroin.

Question 40

Hallucinogens

Answer 40

The chemical compositions of the hallucinogens are similar to the neurotransmitters serotonin and epinephrine, and they act primarily by mimicking them. Altered consciousness; hallucinations. Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, PCP and peyote

Question 41

Hallucinogens

Answer 41

The chemical compositions of the hallucinogens are similar to the neurotransmitters serotonin and epinephrine, and they act primarily by mimicking them.
Altered consciousness; hallucinations. Marijuana, LSD, mescaline, PCP and peyote is within this category.

Question 42

tolerance

Answer 42

an increase in the dose required to produce the same effect, which makes it necessary for the user to increase the dosage or the number of times per day that the drug is taken

Question 43

dependence

Answer 43

a need to use a drug or other substance regularly.

Question 44

withdrawal

Answer 44

negative experiences that accompany reducing or stopping drug use, including physical pain and other symptoms. When the user powerfully craves the drug and is driven to seek it out, over and over again, no matter what the physical, social, financial, and legal cost,

Question 45

safety ratio,

Answer 45

the dose that is likely to be fatal divided by the normal dose needed to feel the effects of the drug. This tells us how dangerous the drug is. So a higher ratio is better and the smaller ratio is more dangerous.

Question 46

Caffeine

Answer 46

Caffeine acts as a mood enhancer and provides energy. it has at least some characteristics of dependence. People who reduce their caffeine intake often report being irritable, restless, and drowsy, as well as experiencing strong headaches, and these withdrawal symptoms may last up to a week.

Question 47

Nicotine

Answer 47

Nicotine is the main cause for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco use, and tobacco use is a major health threat. Nicotine creates both psychological and physical addiction, and it is one of the hardest addictions to break.

Question 48

Chantix

Answer 48

acts as an antagonist to nicotine, binding to nicotine receptors in the synapse, which prevents users from receiving the normal stimulant effect when they smoke.

Question 49

Cocaine

Answer 49

addictive drug. Snort because it lasts longer in the body. It constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can cause headaches, abdominal pain, and nausea.

Question 50

Amphetamine

Answer 50

a stimulant that produces increased wakefulness and focus, along with decreased fatigue and appetite. Used to treat narcolepsy and ADD. Produce a very high level of tolerance. prevents the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

Question 51

alcohol

Answer 51

In higher doses, alcohol acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness. Alcohol increases the likelihood that people will respond aggressively to provocations

Question 52

Barbiturates

Answer 52

depressants that are commonly prescribed as sleeping pills and painkillers. barbiturates produce relaxation and sleepiness, but in higher doses symptoms may include sluggishness, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, drowsiness, faulty judgment, and eventually coma or even death (.

Question 53

benzodiazepines

Answer 53

family of depressants used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. In low doses, they produce mild sedation and relieve anxiety; in high doses, they induce sleep.

Question 54

Toxic inhalants

Answer 54

are frequence abused as depressants. Their continued use may lead to permanent brain damage.These drugs are easily accessible as the vapors of glue, gasoline, propane, hair spray, and spray paint, and are inhaled to create a change in consciousness.

Question 55

Opium

Answer 55

The opioids activate the sympathetic division of the ANS, causing blood pressure and heart rate to increase, often to dangerous levels that can lead to heart attack or stroke. At the same time the drugs also influence the parasympathetic division, leading to constipation and other negative side effects. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal include diarrhea, insomnia, restlessness, irritability, and vomiting, all accompanied by a strong craving for the drug. The powerful psychological dependence of the opioids and the severe effects of withdrawal make it very difficult for morphine and heroin abusers to quit using.Morphine and heroin are stronger, more addictive drugs derived from opium, while codeine is a weaker analgesic and less addictive member of the opiate family

Question 56

marijuana

Answer 56

Although the hallucinogens are powerful drugs that produce striking mind-altering‖ effects, they do not produce physiological or psychological tolerance or dependence.

Question 57

Hypnosis

Answer 57

a trance-like state of consciousness, usually induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction, which consists of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus. The best participants for hypnosis are people who are willing or eager to be hypnotized, who are able to focus their attention and block out peripheral awareness, who are open to new experiences, and who are capable of fantasy

Question 58

Sensory deprivation

Answer 58

Sensory deprivation is used for relaxation or meditation purposes, and in physical and mental health-care programs to produce enjoyable changes in consciousness. Intentional reduction of stimuli affecting one or more of the five senses, with the possibility of resulting changes in consciousness

Question 59

Meditation

Answer 59

techniques in which the individual focuses on something specific, such as an object, a word, or one’s breathing, with the goal of ignoring external distractions, focusing on one’s internal state, and achieving a state of relaxation and well-being