learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that is the result of experience

Question 2

conditioning

Answer 2

the ability to connect stimuli (the changes that occur in the environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions

Question 3

classical conditioning.

Answer 3

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 4

something (such as food) that triggers a natural occurring response

Question 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 5

the naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

conditioned response (CR),

Answer 7

the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus

Question 8

spontaneous recovery.

Answer 8

The increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinction

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus

Question 10

discrimination

Answer 10

the tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical. SO you can tell the difference and don’t be racist ;)

Question 11

second-order conditioning

Answer 11

an existing conditioned stimulus can serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus. The dod with the bell and the black square. Even though the black square is not associated with the food, it’s associated with something that is and so the dog still salivate.

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior and can involve the learning of new actions

Question 13

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 13

the principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation

Question 14

operant chambers

Answer 14

a structure that is big enough to fit a rodent or bird and that contains a bar or key that the organism can press or peck to release food or water. It also contains a device to record the animal’s responses

Question 15

reinforcer

Answer 15

Skinner calls this any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 16

punisher

Answer 16

any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 17

positive reinforcement

Answer 17

strengthens a response by presenting something pleasant after the response
Add or increase a pleasant stimulus
Behavior is strengthened
Giving a student a prize after he gets an A on a test

Question 18

negative reinforcement

Answer 18

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something unpleasant. Reduce or remove an unpleasant stimulus
Behavior is strengthened
Taking painkillers that eliminate pain increases the likelihood that you will take painkillers again

Question 19

Positive punishment

Answer 19

Present or add an unpleasant stimulus
Behavior is weakened
Giving a student extra homework after she misbehaves in class

Question 20

negative punishment

Answer 20

reduces or remove a pleasant stimulus. The behavior is weakened. An example is taking away a teen’s computer after he misses curfew

Question 21

continuous reinforcement schedule,

Answer 21

the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs;

Question 22

partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

a schedule in which the responses are sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not.

Question 23

Fixed-ratio reinforcement scheudle

Answer 23

Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses

Factory workers who are paid according to the number of products they produce

Question 24

Variable-ratio

Answer 24

Behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses
Payoffs from slot machines and other games of chance

Question 25

Fixed-interval

Answer 25

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed
People who earn a monthly salary

Question 26

Variable-interval

Answer 26

Behavior is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed
Person who checks voice mail for messages

Question 27

shaping

Answer 27

the process of guiding an organism’s behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior

Question 28

secondary reinforcers.

Answer 28

neutral event that has become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning

Question 29

primary reinforcer

Answer 29

stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain