Growth and development Flashcards
infancy
the developmental stage that begins at birth and continues to one year of age
childhood
the period between infancy and the onset of puberty
adolescence
the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood
Challenges of Development
Erikson believed that each life stage has a unique challenge that the person who reaches it must face
Oral-sensory
Birth to 12 to 18 months
Trust versus mistrust
The child develops a feeling of trust in his or her caregivers.
Muscular-anal
18 months to 3 years
Autonomy versus shame/doubt
The child learns what he or she can and cannot control and develops a sense of free will.
Locomotor
3 to 6 years
Initiative versus guilt
The child learns to become independent by exploring, manipulating, and taking action
Latency
6 to 12 years
Industry versus inferiority
The child learns to do things well or correctly according to standards set by others, particularly in school.
Adolescence
12 to 18 years
Identity versus role confusion
The adolescent develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.
Young adulthood
19 to 40 years
Intimacy versus isolation
The person develops the ability to give and receive love and to make long-term commitments.
Middle adulthood
40 to 65 years
Generativity versus stagnation
The person develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.
Late adulthood
65 to death
Ego integrity versus despair
The person develops acceptance of his or her life as it was lived.
Conception
occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from the father. In human
ovulation
The beginning step of conception, when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother’s two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube
amniotic sac
the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be known as a fetus) will live until birth, and which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator.
placenta
is an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.
fetus
9th week after conception, the embryo becomes a fetus. This is where the baby starts gaining weight
embryo
the cells are rapidly multiplying but no great changes in weight.
teratogens
substances that can harm the fetus. such as air pollution and radiation, but also the cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs that the mother may use
fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)
a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities, genital anomalies, and mental retardation
Rooting reflex
The baby‘s cheek is stroked.
The baby turns its head toward the stroking, opens its mouth, and tries to suck.
Ensures the infant‘s feeding will be a reflexive habit
Blink reflex
A light is flashed in the baby‘s eyes.
The baby closes both eyes.
Protects eyes from strong and potentially dangerous stimuli
Withdrawal reflex
a soft pinprick is applied to the sole of the baby’s foot. The baby flexes the leg. This keeps the exploring infant away from painful stimuli
Tonic neck reflex
The baby is laid down on its back. The baby turns its head to one side and extends the arm on the same side.
Helps develop hand-eye coordination